Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): Julio- Septiembre 2026: Revista Multidisciplinaria Investigación Contemporánea
Ciencias Sociales- Artículo de Revisión

Assessment Instruments for Parental Interference and Alienation in Family Forensic Contexts: A Systematic Review of Psychometric Evidence and Forensic Utility

DOI: 10.58995/redlic.rmic.v4.n4.a215
Vilma Ximena Morocho Tenesaca
Maestría en Psicología Forense, Unidad Académica de Posgrados, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
Bio
Juan Pablo Viñanzaca López
Maestría en Psicología Forense, Unidad Académica de Posgrados, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador. Grupo de Investigación en Psicología Jurídica y Forense.
Bio

Abstract

Assessing parental interference or alienation represents a challenge in clinical and forensic settings due to limitations in available psychometric instruments and the conceptual heterogeneity of the construct, which hinders its application in judicial contexts. The aim of this study was to analyze standardized instruments used for its assessment and to synthesize evidence regarding their characteristics, applications, and measurement properties through a systematic review. The study followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the COSMIN framework to evaluate risk of bias and quality of evidence. The search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, APA PsycNet, and Redalyc, complemented by Google Scholar, covering publications from 2000 to 2026. A total of 2,807 records were identified in databases and 200 additional records through manual search. After screening, six studies (100%) were included, primarily involving Likert-type scales targeting adult populations, with a predominance of cross-sectional designs. Analyses mainly focused on internal consistency and structural validity, with limited assessment of temporal stability and criterion validity. Most studies were conducted in general populations, with scarce evidence in clinical-forensic contexts. Methodological quality was moderate, with limitations related to sample size and validation in judicial settings. In conclusion, the available instruments show preliminary psychometric evidence, highlighting the need to strengthen their validation in clinical-forensic contexts to support their use in forensic practice.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Armijos y Granizo-Haro, A. L. (2024). Alienación parental y derecho de visitas en el régimen jurídico ecuatoriano. Revista Latinoamericana de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales, 4(5), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v4i5.1367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v4i5.1367
  2. Arnett, J. J. (2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63(7), 602–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602
  3. Badenes-Ribera, L., et al. (2024). Internal consistency and test–retest reliability: A reliability generalization meta-analysis of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ-SF). Child Abuse & Neglect, 154, 106941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106941 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106941
  4. Baker, A. J. L. (2020). Adult children of parental alienation syndrome: Breaking the ties that bind (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=-AhklZTeuXEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false
  5. Bernet, W., & Greenhill, L. L. (2022). The five-factor model for the diagnosis of parental alienation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(5), 591–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.026
  6. Bernet, W., von Boch-Galhau, W., Baker, A. J. L., & Morrison, S. L. (2010). Parental alienation, DSM-V, and ICD-11. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 38(2), 76–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180903586583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180903586583
  7. Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361909378_Structural_Equation_Modeling_With_AMOS DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421
  8. Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in developmental science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards. Developmental Review, 33(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003
  9. Cabrera et al., (2023). Alienación parental y derecho de visitas en el régimen jurídico ecuatoriano. Revista de Derecho de Familia, 15(2), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.33386/593dp.2024.5.2576
  10. Castaño-Luisa. (2018). Síndrome de Alienación Parental ¿Realidad o ficción? Tesis de grado. Universidad de Cartagena. Colombia. https://repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/5c83c015-caa2-4118-9dd9 612064c7b559
  11. De Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2011). Measurement in medicine: A practical guide. Cambridge University Press. https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781139142441_A23866524/preview-9781139142441_A23866524.pdf
  12. Fidler, B. J., & Bala, N. (2010). Children resisting post-separation contact with a parent: Concepts, controversies, and conundrums. Family Court Review, 48(1), 10–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2009.01287.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2009.01287.x
  13. Finley, J.-C. A. (2024). Performance validity testing: The need for digital technology and where to go from here. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1452462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1452462
  14. Gomide et al., (2024). Psychometric properties of the parental alienation scale (EAP). Paidéia, 34, e3412. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3412 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3430
  15. Harman, J. J., et al. (2018). Parental alienating behaviors: An unacknowledged form of family violence. Psychological Bulletin, 144(12), 1275–1299. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000175
  16. Harman, J. J., et.al. (2022). Losses experienced by children alienated from a parent. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.05.002
  17. Harman, J. J., et al. (2022). Developmental psychology and the scientific status of parental alienation. Developmental Psychology, 58(10), 1887–1911. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001404
  18. Heilbrun, K., et al. (2020). Forensic mental health assessment: A casebook (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  19. Henrich, J., et al. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
  20. Kline, P. (2015). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781317444602_A25034282/preview-9781317444602_A25034282.pdf
  21. Kruk, E., & Harman, J. J. (2024). Parental alienation as a form of family violence: Current perspectives and future directions. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development. DOI: 10.26536/EVMS9266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26536/EVMS9266
  22. Lee-Maturana, S., et.al. (2025). Escala para evaluar alienación parental (AP) en padres y madres alienados: Construcción y validación. Liberabit, 31(1), e947. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2025.v31n1.947 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2025.v31n1.947
  23. Luby, A., et al. (2020). Psychometric analysis of forensic examiner behavior. Behaviormetrika, 47, 355–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41237-020-00116-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41237-020-00116-6
  24. Mair, P. (2018). Modern psychometrics with R. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93177-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.MPsychoR
  25. Meland, E., et al. (2024). Parental alienation – a valid experience? Scandinavian Journal of Public https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948231168978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948231168978
  26. Mena et al., (2024). Escala ZICAP II: Evaluación de alienación parental en niños de 9 a 15 años de padres separados en Chile. Ciencias Psicológicas, 15(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v15i1.2159
  27. Moher, D., et al. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  28. Mokkink, L. B., et al. (2018). COSMIN methodology for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1171–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1798-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1765-4
  29. Nielsen, L. (2017). Joint versus sole physical custody: Children’s outcomes independent of parent–child relationships, income, and conflict in 60 studies. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 59(4), 247–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2018.1454204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2018.1454204
  30. Neal, T. M. S., & Grisso, T. (2014). Assessment practices and expert judgment methods in forensic psychology and psychiatry: An international snapshot. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(12), 1406–1421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814548449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814548449
  31. Neal, T. M. S., et al. (2019). The law meets psychological expertise: Eight best practices to improve forensic psychological assessment. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 15, 451–470. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042830
  32. Page, M. J., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
  33. Parkinson, P. (2018). Family law and the indissolubility of parenthood. Cambridge University Press.
  34. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511921063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511921063
  35. Pérez-Agüero, M. C., & Andrade, P. (2013). Construcción y validación de un cuestionario de alienación parental en padres divorciados. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 47(1), 17–24. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/284/28426980003.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.30849/rip/ijp.v47i1.197
  36. Portilla-Saavedra, D., et al. (2021). Perspectivas y tendencias actuales del concepto de alienación parental: una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Terapia Psicológica, 39(2), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082021000200237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-48082021000200237
  37. Rowlands, G. A. (2019). Parental alienation: A measurement tool. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 60(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2018.1454201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2018.1546031
  38. Simons, D. J., Shoda, Y., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708630
  39. Sîrbu, A. G., Vintilă, M., Tisu, L., Ștefănuț, A. M., Tudorel, O. I., Măguran, B., & Tomo, R. A. (2023). Parental alienation—Development and validation of a behavioral anchor scale. Sustainability, 15(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010015
  40. Terwee, C. B., et al (2018). COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: A Delphi study. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1159–1170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1829-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1829-0
  41. Van de Schoot, R., et al. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.686740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.686740
  42. Van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Sage. https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/57791/frontmatter/9781107057791_frontmatter.pdf
  43. Zicavo, N., Rey-Clericus, R., & Ponce, L. (2021). Escala ZICAP II: Evaluación de alienación parental en niños de 9 a 15 años de padres separados en Chile. Ciencias Psicológicas, 15(1), e2159. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v15i1.2159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v15i1.2159

Published 2026-07-01

Keywords

  • scales,
  • forensic assessment,
  • psychometric properties,
  • forensic psychology,
  • child custody,
  • visitation rights
  • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

Morocho Tenesaca, V. X., & Viñanzaca López, J. P. . (2026). Assessment Instruments for Parental Interference and Alienation in Family Forensic Contexts: A Systematic Review of Psychometric Evidence and Forensic Utility. Contemporary Research, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v4.n4.a215