Ciencias Sociales- Artículo de Revisión

Neuropsicología Clínica de las Adicciones: Revisión Bibliográfica

Clinical Neuropsychology of Addictions: A Bibliographic Review

Autores/as

  • Jessica Vanessa Quito Calle Carrera de Psicología Clínica, Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencia Clínica Aplicada (GINCA), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, sede Cuenca, Ecuador ORCID 0000-0002-1428-5081 (ORCID no autenticado)
  • Pedro Muñoz Arteaga Carrera de Psicología Clínica, Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencia Clínica Aplicada (GINCA), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, sede Cuenca, Ecuador ORCID 0009-0006-6513-9654 (ORCID no autenticado)
  • Diego Rodas Flores Carrera de Psicología Clínica, Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencia Clínica Aplicada (GINCA), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, sede Cuenca, Ecuador ORCID 0000-0001-7827-4595 (ORCID no autenticado)
  • Andrés Ramírez Carrera de Psicología Clínica, Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencia Clínica Aplicada (GINCA), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, sede Cuenca, Ecuador ORCID 0000-0001-9249-9790 (ORCID no autenticado)

Resumen

Las adicciones representan una de las principales causas de discapacidad y muerte prematura en el mundo, y constituyen un desafío complejo para la neuropsicología clínica. Esta revisión narrativa analiza críticamente 25 publicaciones recientes (2015–2025) que incluyen estudios clínicos, de neuroimagen, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y casos, con el objetivo de sintetizar la evidencia sobre perfiles cognitivos, predictores funcionales, redes cerebrales implicadas, estrategias de evaluación y abordajes terapéuticos en adicciones. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes con trastornos por consumo de sustancias y adicciones comportamentales presentan déficits frecuentes en la atención compleja, la memoria, la inhibición, las funciones ejecutivas y la toma de decisiones, con factores moduladores como la edad, la historia de trauma, la comorbilidad psiquiátrica, la carga sedante y el distrés emocional. Se identifican disfunciones en la ínsula, la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral, la orbitofrontal, el hipocampo y el estriado, y emergen intervenciones como el ejercicio físico, la estimulación cerebral no invasiva y las tecnologías móviles personalizadas.

Addictions represent one of the leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide and pose a complex challenge for clinical neuropsychology. This narrative review critically examines 25 recent publications (2015–2025), including clinical studies, neuroimaging research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports, aiming to synthesize evidence on cognitive profiles, functional predictors, implicated brain networks, assessment strategies, and therapeutic approaches in addictions. The results show that patients with substance use disorders and behavioral addictions frequently exhibit deficits in complex attention, memory, inhibition, executive functions, and decision-making, with moderating factors such as age, trauma history, psychiatric comorbidity, sedative burden, and emotional distress. Dysfunctions are identified in the insula, dorsolateral and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, and emerging interventions include physical exercise, non-invasive brain stimulation, and personalized mobile technologies.

Palabras clave

  • Neuropsicología
  • Adicciones
  • Funciones ejecutivas
  • Toma de decisiones
  • Evaluación cognitiva

Referencias

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Publicado

1 de julio de 2026

Historial

Recibido
20 nov 2025
Aceptado
27 abr 2026
Publicado
1 jul 2026

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Cómo citar

Quito Calle, J. V., Muñoz Arteaga, P., Rodas Flores, D., & Ramírez, A. (2026). Neuropsicología Clínica de las Adicciones: Revisión Bibliográfica. Revista Multidisciplinaria Investigación Contemporánea, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v4.n3.a182