Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Artisanal production. Establishment of an association of toquilla
straw weavers in the Nazón parish
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a127
280-310
Artisanal production. Establishment
of an association of toquilla straw
weavers in the Nazón parish
Producción artesanal. Constitución de una
asociación de tejedoras de paja toquilla en la
parroquia Nazón
Ana Fabiola Zamora Vázquez 1, Francisco Xavier Ávila Cárdenas 2, María Caridad Rojas Valdivieso 3,
Juan Bautista Solís Muñoz 4
1 Professor and researcher in the Law program at the Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues campus.
Multidisciplinary Research Group for Innovation. afzamorav@ucacue.edu.ec . Azogues, Ecuador.
2 Professor and researcher of the Law program at the Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues campus.
fxavilac@ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues,
3 Professor responsible for Community Relations at the Azogues campus of the Catholic University of
Cuenca. GI - RiB , Research , Innovation and Business . maria.rojas@ucacue.edu.ec . Azogues, Ecuador.
4 Research professor of Business Administration at the Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues campus.
GI- RIB , Research , Innovation and Business . jbsolizm@ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
How to cite:
Zamora Vázquez, A. F., Ávila Cardenas, F. X., Rojas Valdivieso, M. C., & Solis Muñoz, J. B. (2025). Artisanal
Production. Constitution of a Toquilla Straw Weavers’ Association in the Nazón Parish. Multidisciplinary
Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(2). 280-310. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a127
Article Information
Received: 02-02-2025
Accepted: 01-04-2025
Published: 01-07-2025
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Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 49 -49
Copyright (c) 2025 Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé,
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a127
Revista multidisciplinaria
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
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- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 32 -49
Artículo Caso clínico. Revista multidisciplinaria investigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 32 - 49. julio-diciembre, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
Leucemia de células dendríticas
plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico
de un caso
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y
diagnóstico de un caso
Información del artículo:
Recibido: 05-12-2024
Aceptado: 21-02-2025
Publicado: 01-07-2025
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1 Docente Investigador; pedro.faican@ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
2 Estudiante; ibelice.dutan.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
3 Estudiante; camila.gonzalez.66@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
4 Estudiante; joselyn.matute.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
5 Estudiante; alejandra.rodriguez.60@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando 1, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé 2, González González Camila
Raquel 3, Matute Aguiar Joselyn Nayeli 4, Rodríguez Verdugo Alejandra Valentina 5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Cómo citar:
Faican Rocano, P. . F., Dután Pérez, I. S. ., González González, C. R. ., Rodríguez Verdugo, A. V. ., & Matute Aguiar, J.
N. . (2025). Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico de un caso.
Revista Multidisci-
plinaria Investigación Contemporánea
, 3(2), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Artisanal production. Establishment of an association of toquilla
straw weavers in the Nazón parish
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a127
281-310
ABSTRACT
This study analyzed the production and marketing of toquilla
straw hats in the Nazón parish. The objective was to assess the feasibility
of forming an association of toquilla straw weavers in the Nazón parish,
evaluating its benets, challenges, and the applicable legal framework.
This activity was identied as one of the main sources of income for at least
25 to 30 families and as a key component of intangible cultural heritage.
However, it was evident that most weavers sell their products at low prices
(less than $10 per hat) due to the intervention of intermediaries and the
lack of access to more protable markets. Furthermore, 70.6% of the
artisans have not received training, which limits their ability to innovate
and improve the marketing of their products. The research adopted a
qualitative and quantitative approach, conducting surveys with 17 women
from a population of 20, who expressed interest in joining an association.
Data were collected from primary sources, including the testimony of
the president of the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the
rural parish of Nazón, and supplemented with secondary information
on regulations and previous studies. Among the most relevant ndings,
a low level of youth participation in this artisanal activity was identied,
which puts its generational continuity at risk. Furthermore, 100% of those
surveyed expressed their willingness to form a formal association. It is
concluded that the formalization of a weavers’ organization, accompanied
by training processes, access to technology, and digital marketing
strategies, represents a viable solution to ensure the economic and
cultural sustainability of this artisanal activity.
Keywords: heritage, crafts, toquilla straw, women, association.
RESUMEN
El presente estudio analizó la producción y comercialización de
sombreros de paja toquilla en la parroquia Nazón, con el objetivo de
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analizar la viabilidad de la conformación de una asociación de tejedoras de
paja toquilla en la parroquia Nazón, evaluando sus benecios, desafíos y
el marco legal aplicable. Se identicó que esta actividad constituye una de
las principales fuentes de ingresos para al menos 25 a 30 familias, además
de representar un componente clave del patrimonio cultural inmaterial.
No obstante, se evidenció que la mayoría de las tejedoras comercializan
sus productos a precios bajos (menos de $10 por sombrero), debido a
la intervención de intermediarios y la falta de acceso a mercados más
rentables. Asimismo, el 70,6 % de las artesanas no ha recibido capacitación,
lo que limita sus capacidades para innovar y mejorar la comercialización
de sus productos. La investigación adoptó un enfoque cualitativo y
cuantitativo, aplicando encuestas a 17 mujeres de una población de 20,
quienes manifestaron su interés en formar parte de una asociación. Los
datos fueron recolectados a partir de fuentes primarias, incluyendo el
testimonio de la presidenta del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado
parroquial rural de Nazón, y se complementaron con información
secundaria sobre normativas y estudios previos. Entre los hallazgos
más relevantes, se identicó una baja participación de jóvenes en esta
actividad artesanal, lo que pone en riesgo su continuidad generacional. A
su vez, el 100 % de las encuestadas expresó su disposición a conformar una
asociación formal. Se concluye que la formalización de una organización
de tejedoras, acompañada de procesos de capacitación, acceso a tecnología
y estrategias de comercialización digital, representa una solución viable
para garantizar la sostenibilidad económica y cultural de esta actividad
artesanal.
Palabras clave: patrimonio, artesanía, paja toquilla, mujer, asociación.
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1. Introduction
The artisanal production of toquilla straw hats is an ancient tradition
in Ecuador, recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientic
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as Intangible Cultural Heritage of
Humanity since 2012. This art, passed down from generation to generation,
has been a source of cultural identity and economic development for
various communities, especially in the Andean and coastal regions of the
country (UNESCO, 2012).
Despite their importance, the weavers of Nazón parish face multiple
challenges, such as low selling prices, lack of access to international
markets, scarcity of nancial and technical support, and the absence of a
formal organization to represent them. According to the According to the
National Institute of Cultural Heritage (INPC, 2020), the precariousness
of artisanal work and the lack of economic recognition threaten the
sustainability of this activity. Furthermore, a study by Peña Facundo and
Serna Linares (2024)on the productivity of the toquilla straw hat artisanal
industry indicates that limited production capacity and dependence
on intermediaries hinder market expansion and improved income for
artisans.
The formation of a toquilla straw weavers’ association emerges
as a viable alternative to strengthen their autonomy and improve their
working conditions. Formalizing this activity would allow access to
nancing, training, and more effective marketing strategies (Anchundia-
Rodríguez, 2021). Furthermore, it would contribute to the preservation
of cultural heritage, ensuring the continuity of the artisanal tradition for
future generations.
Previous studies have shown that organizing artisans into
associations facilitates access to government incentives and fair trade
programs (Sabando Santos, 2022). Similarly, experiences in other
communities indicate that the formation of formal organizations has
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been key to improving the competitiveness of the artisan sector, enabling
participation in national and international fairs (National Institute of
Cultural Heritage [INPC], 2020).
The purpose of this study is to analyze the feasibility of forming
a toquilla straw weavers’ association in the Nazón parish, assessing its
benets, challenges, and applicable legal framework. Specically, it
seeks to diagnose the current situation of toquilla straw weavers in terms
of production, marketing, and working conditions; identify the main
obstacles they face in their artisanal activity, including a lack of training
and access to new markets; propose a model bylaw for the establishment of
a formal weavers’ association; and establish organizational strengthening
strategies to improve the sector’s competitiveness and sustainability.
2. Theoretical framework
Background of the toquilla straw. Intangible Heritage
The topic of the production of the toquilla straw hat has not been
addressed exhaustively, the author Regalado (2021) establishes:
A signicant effort is required to review the literature published in
previous years, which, in the case of Azuay and Cañar, is particularly
extensive. However, this body of literature is understudied and
undervalued. This requires a plural perspective, both from the
authors’ perspectives and from their approaches and points of
view (p. 28).
Therefore, a fundamental aspect in the consolidation of the
toquilla straw weavers’ association in the Nazón parish is a review
of the existing literature on artisanal production in the province of
Cañar, as it has historically been a key focus of toquilla straw weaving,
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and its documentation reects the sector’s evolution, problems, and
opportunities. However, although there are studies and historical records
on the toquilla straw weaving tradition, much of this literature has been
undervalued or understudied in recent research.
This bibliographic review will not only contribute to revaluing the
artisanal tradition, but will also lay documented foundations for the design
of policies to support the production and marketing of toquilla straw. By
recognizing and critically analyzing the existing bibliography, a bridge
can be established between historical knowledge and the current needs
of the artisanal sector, thus ensuring its sustainability and evolution over
time and providing an incentive for the women of the Nazón parish.
Toquilla straw hat weaving is a traditional craft that dates back to the
pre-Hispanic cultures of present-day Ecuador. Civilizations such as the
Manteña, Jama-Coaque, and Chorrera already used this natural ber to
make baskets and shelter covers (INPC, 2020). However, the use of toquilla
straw for hat making, as it is known today, emerged in the 17th century,
when indigenous artisans adapted weaving techniques to European hat
models (UNESCO, 2012).
In Ecuador, there are two important moments in time. On the
one hand, the 1840s, when the rst references to an organization in hat
production were identied, and on the other, the 1950s, when initiatives
to regulate the trade of these products began to be implemented. In
particular, since 1952, with the creation of the Economic Recovery
Institute, specic measures were promoted to intervene in hat marketing
(Regalado, 2021, p. 10).
In 2012, the United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) declared the traditional weaving of the Ecuadorian
toquilla straw hat an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This
distinction recognizes the historical and cultural value of this craft, as well
as the importance of its preservation for future generations (UNESCO,
2012).
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Now, what does intangible heritage mean? Bringing together
researchers and stakeholders to discuss heritage has not been difcult;
however, ironically, this very ease has generated certain inconveniences,
as the term “heritage” has become a broad and almost unlimited concept,
as described by Roland Barthes. In its most recent formulation, proposed
by UNESCO (2003) with the notion of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH),
heritage encompasses everything that gives a community or an individual
a sense of identity and continuity. In this contemporary approach,
heritage is conceived as that which endures, that which is remembered,
and to which a special bond is felt. Even a goal, ideal, or project that
reects identity and continuity in a person’s life could be considered part
of heritage (Nicolás, 2020).
In particular, intangible heritage constitutes the cultural heritage of
a social group, transmitted from generation to generation as a collective
and spiritual memory. However, the conceptualization of intangible
heritage has not created the identity or memory of a people, but rather
has classied certain cultural elements within a specic logic, which has
not always been understood by the social actors themselves (Andrade
Orellana, Cárate Tandalla , & Freire García, 2020).
The Nazón parish
Nazón is one of the four rural parishes that make up the Biblián
canton, in the province of Cañar. Its parish seat is located just 3.2 kilometers
from the cantonal center, facilitating connections with Biblián and other
nearby towns. Its territory covers approximately 9,020.65 hectares,
extending between an altitude ranging from 2,640 to 4,320 meters above
sea level. Geographically, the parish is located between the coordinates
2º 37’12’’ and 2º 43’48’’ south latitude, and 79º 05’40’’ and 78º 53’59’’ west
longitude, located in a mountainous environment with signicant natural
and cultural wealth (Gómez Ríos, 2022).
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The Nazón parish shares boundaries with several jurisdictions,
strengthening its territorial interconnectedness. To the north, it borders
the Cañar canton and the Jerusalem parish; to the south, it borders the
Turupamba parish and the Déleg and Cuenca cantons; to the east, is the
cantonal capital of Biblián, and to the west, it borders again with the Cuenca
and Cañar cantons (Gómez Ríos, 2022). Regarding its parochialization:
“(...) together with Turupamba , Ofcial Registry No. 267 of April 23, 1945,
was issued. This same registry decreed the elevation to the category of
civil parishes of the territorial fractions of the hamlets of the same name
(Gómez Ríos, 2022, p. 29). “
One of its potential assets is the population that is knowledgeable
about toquilla straw weaving. One of the projects addressed within the
Nazón parish’s Territorial Planning Plan is a group called “Toquilla
Straw Weavers of the San Roque Neighborhood,” which consisted of 20
members, including four teenagers, six older adults, and two men (Gómez
Ríos, 2022).
The parish has a total population of 2,232 inhabitants, of which 1,262
are women (56.5%) and 970 are men (43.5%). This gure is signicant,
as it demonstrates a greater female presence in the community, which
supports the relevance of implementing policies to support women
entrepreneurs, as is the case with the toquilla straw weavers (Instituto
Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos [INEC], 2022).
Nazón has an area of 89.86 km², with a population density of
approximately 44 inhabitants per km². This value indicates that it is a
low-density area, with a population dispersed across its 13 communities
(Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos [INEC], 2022). This geographic
characteristic poses challenges in terms of access to infrastructure, basic
services, and connectivity, which must be considered when planning
projects that strengthen the production and marketing of toquilla straw
weaving.
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Comparing data from 2010 (2,569 inhabitants) and 2022 (2,232
inhabitants), a reduction of 337 people is observed in 12 years, representing
a negative average annual growth rate of -1.17% (Instituto Nacional de
Estadísticas y Censos [INEC], 2022). This population decline could be
attributed to migration to cities in search of better economic opportunities,
a lack of local employment, or a decline in birth rates.
Population decline is a warning factor, as it jeopardizes the continuity
of traditional activities such as toquilla straw weaving if younger
generations migrate and there is no succession in learning the craft. In
this context, the formalization of the Toquilla Straw Weavers Association
is key to generating local economic opportunities, encouraging weavers
to remain in their communities, and strengthening the social and cultural
fabric.
The production of toquilla straw hats is a craft of great cultural, social,
and economic value in Ecuador, recognized by UNESCO as Intangible
Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In the Nazón parish, this tradition has
been sustained primarily by women weavers, who face challenges such
as market access restrictions, informal employment, a lack of nancial
support, and a lack of legal security in their work.
Given this situation, the Law Department at the Catholic University
of Cuenca - Azogues Campus, in response to a request from the
Decentralized Autonomous Government (GAD) of the Nazón Rural Parish,
has identied the need to develop a legal framework that would allow for
the formalization of a toquilla straw weavers’ association.
Regulatory analysis
Through Ofcial Gazette No. 136, published on February 26, 1993,
the Ministry of Labor and Human Resources approved the Statutes of
the “5 de Mayo” Toquilla Straw Weavers Association of the Cañar Canton.
This approval was granted after reviewing favorable technical reports
contained in memoranda No. 496-SDRH-92 of 1992 and No. 31-AJT-92
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of January 12, 1993 (Ministerio de Trabajo y Recursos Humanos, 26 de
febrero de 1993).
The ofcialization of this trade association set a precedent for the
formal organization of toquilla straw hat producers, allowing access to legal
benets, representation before government entities, and strengthening
the artisanal economy. Its creation laid the groundwork for the structuring
of similar associations in other producing regions, including Nazón,
where formalization of the sector remains a key challenge for improving
the working and commercial conditions of weavers.
On April 24, 2013, the commemorative postal issue entitled “The
Traditional Weaving of the Toquilla Straw Hat - Intangible Cultural
Heritage of Humanity” was approved through Ofcial Registry No. 940.
This initiative arose in response to Memorandum No. 2013-GFL-120-CDE
EP-PIC of March 12, 2013, by which the General Manager of Correos del
Ecuador CDE EP instructed the National Legal Directorate to prepare
the corresponding Internal Resolution (Gerente General de Correos del
Ecuador CDE EP, 24 de abril de 2013).
This ofcial stamp entered circulation on March 18, 2013, in the
city of Montecristi, the historic birthplace of the toquilla straw weaving
tradition. The postal issue not only commemorates UNESCO’s recognition
of toquilla straw weaving as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in
2012, but also represents an effort to promote and preserve this ancient
tradition. The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador (2008), in Article
319, provides:
Various forms of production organization are recognized in the
economy, including community, cooperative, public or private
enterprise, associative, family, domestic, autonomous, and mixed.
The State will promote forms of production that ensure the well-
being of the population and discourage those that violate their
rights or those of nature; it will encourage production that satises
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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demanda interna y garantice una activa participación del Ecuador en
el contexto internacional.
Dentro de este marco legal, el Estado reconoce que la economía pue-
de organizarse de diversas maneras, a incluir tanto modelos comunitarios y
cooperativos, como estructuras empresariales públicas o privadas, familiares
y autónomas. Cada una de estas formas tiene un papel dentro del sistema
productivo y contribuye al desarrollo del país. Asimismo, la Norma Suprema
dispone:
En las diversas formas de organización de los procesos de produc-
ción se estimulará una gestión participativa, transparente y eciente.
La producción, en cualquiera de sus formas, se sujetará a principios
y normas de calidad, sostenibilidad, productividad sistémica, valora-
ción del trabajo y eciencia económica y social (Constitución de la Re-
pública, 2008, art. 320).
En la organización de los procesos productivos, se fomentará una ges-
tión participativa, transparente y eciente, donde los actores involucrados
tengan voz en la toma de decisiones y el manejo de recursos se realice de ma-
nera clara y equitativa. En el marco legal ibidem, se garantiza el derecho a
la libertad de asociación y la protección del patrimonio cultural, principios
fundamentales para la formalización de la Asociación de Tejedoras de Paja
Toquilla en Nazón. El artículo 66, numeral 13, reconoce el derecho de las per-
sonas a asociarse, reunirse y manifestarse libremente, lo que respalda la or-
ganización de las tejedoras para defender sus intereses, mejorar sus condi-
ciones laborales y fortalecer la comercialización de sus productos.
En este contexto, el artículo 377 de la Carta Magna establece que el Sis-
tema Nacional de Cultura tiene la responsabilidad de fortalecer la identidad
nacional, proteger el patrimonio cultural y promover la diversidad de expre-
siones artísticas. Dado que el tejido de paja toquilla ha sido declarado Pa-
trimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 2012, el
domestic demand and guarantees Ecuador’s active participation in
the international arena.
Within this legal framework, the State recognizes that the economy
can be organized in a variety of ways, including community and
cooperative models, as well as public or private, family, and autonomous
business structures. Each of these forms plays a role within the productive
system and contributes to the country’s development. The Supreme Law
also provides:
Participatory, transparent, and efcient management will be
encouraged in the various forms of production organization.
Production, in all its forms, will be subject to principles and
standards of quality, sustainability, systemic productivity, labor
valuation, and economic and social efciency (Constitution of the
Republic, 2008, art. 320) .
In the organization of production processes, participatory,
transparent, and efcient management will be encouraged, with
stakeholders having a voice in decision-making and resource management
carried out in a clear and equitable manner. Within the legal framework
(ibid.), the right to freedom of association and the protection of cultural
heritage are guaranteed, fundamental principles for the formalization
of the Nazón Toquilla Straw Weavers’ Association. Article 66, paragraph
13, recognizes the right of individuals to freely associate, assemble, and
demonstrate, which supports the organization of weavers to defend their
interests, improve their working conditions, and strengthen the marketing
of their products.
In this context, Article 377 of the Constitution establishes that the
National Cultural System has the responsibility to strengthen national
identity, protect cultural heritage, and promote the diversity of artistic
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expressions. Given that toquilla straw weaving was declared Intangible
Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2012, the State has the
obligation to preserve and promote this ancestral practice, ensuring its
transmission to future generations.
On the other hand, the Organic Law of Popular and Solidarity
Economy (2011), with respect to the associative sector, provides:
It is the set of associations formed by natural persons, with
productive or service economic activities, similar or complementary,
with the purpose of producing, marketing and consuming lawful
and socially necessary goods and services, self-supplying raw
materials, inputs, tools, technology, equipment and other goods,
or marketing their production in a supportive and self-managed
manner under the principles of this Law (art. 18).
Regarding the previous quote, this concept refers to a model of
solidarity-based economic organization, in which individuals join
together in associations for the purpose of jointly developing productive
or service activities. These associations can be made up of individuals who
share interests in similar or complementary sectors, allowing for more
efcient management of resources and greater production and marketing
capacity.
In 2023, the Organic Law to promote the Violet Economy will be
issued. Article 16 on Public Policies, in section 4, literal a), establishes
that the State must develop actions to promote equal opportunities in
employment, which is directly aligned with the formalization project of
the Toquilla Straw Weavers Association in Nazón, emphasizing the need
to broaden the notion of employment for women and strengthen the
mechanisms that drive their productive ventures.
In the case of Nazón, where toquilla straw weaving is an essential
economic activity for many women, implementation of this public policy
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would formally recognize their artisanal work as a legitimate form of
employment, granting them access to labor benets, social security, and
institutional support. Furthermore, strengthening their businesses would
involve developing strategies to improve production, optimize marketing,
and guarantee fair working conditions.
Furthermore, the General Regulations of the Organic Law to
promote the Violet Economy (2023), the article establishes the destination
of incentives in the productive sector ts directly with the formalization
project of the Toquilla Straw Weavers Association in Nazón, since its focus
is on guaranteeing support for women entrepreneurs and facilitating the
creation of sustainable businesses.
3. Methodology
This research applied a mixed methodology, combining qualitative
and quantitative approaches, to obtain a comprehensive view of the
situation of toquilla straw hat weavers in the Nazón parish. The study
adopted an exploratory-descriptive design. The qualitative phase involved
a semi-structured interview with the president of the Decentralized
Autonomous Government of the Nazón rural parish, while the quantitative
phase consisted of structured surveys with the artisan producers.
The target population consisted of 20 artisans active in the production
of toquilla straw hats in the Nazón parish. A sample of 17 women artisans
was selected intentionally using a non-probabilistic approach based on
their willingness to participate and their experience in the craft. For the
qualitative component, a semi-structured interview was conducted with
a local authority, which allowed us to identify the main challenges and
institutional perceptions of the craft.
For the quantitative component, a structured questionnaire with
closed-ended and multiple-choice questions was developed, validated by
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legal and social experts, and evaluated through a pilot test to ensure its
content validity and reliability.
The surveys were administered in person, respecting fundamental
ethical criteria. The purpose of the study was explained to each participant,
ensuring their anonymity and condentiality. An informed consent form
was used, voluntarily signed by each artisan before beginning the survey,
in accordance with the Organic Law on Personal Data Protection (LOPDP).
The quantitative data were processed using descriptive statistics,
representing the information through frequency tables, percentages,
and graphs. This analysis allowed us to identify patterns in production,
marketing, working conditions, access to resources, and willingness to
form associations.
The eldwork was complemented by a legal analysis of Executive
Decree No. 193 and other regulations applicable to organizations in
the popular and solidarity economy, which served as the basis for the
development of a model statute for the future association.
This comprehensive methodology ensured a deep understanding of
the weavers’ economic, social, and legal context, providing solid evidence
to support the proposal to establish a formal association in the Nazón
parish.
4. Results
In order to gain a detailed understanding of the current situation of
toquilla straw hat artisans in the Nazón parish, surveys were conducted
with 17 producers, representing 85% of the total sample of 20 people
selected for this study. An interview was also conducted with the president
of the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Nazón rural parish.
This data collection aimed to identify the main challenges, needs, working
conditions, and their willingness to join a formal association. The results
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shed light on both the socioeconomic situation of these artisans and the
opportunities for organizational strengthening, providing fundamental
input for the design of the bylaws. The most relevant ndings derived from
this data collection are presented below, which will serve as the basis for
future proposals and actions to benet the toquilla straw artisan sector.
Technical interview with the president of the Nazón Parish GAD
Interviewee: Dr. Maritza Calle
Date: 09/01/2025
Location: Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Rural
Parish of Nazón
Production context
• Question: How many families are dedicated to the production
of toquilla straw hats in the parish?
• Answer: Currently, approximately 25 to 30 families depend on
this craft activity.
• Question: What is the main source of income for these families?
• Answer: The production of toquilla straw hats is their main
economic activity, although many families complement it with
agriculture.
Production process
• Question: What is the production process of a toquilla straw
hat?
• Answer: Production follows three main phases:
• Purchase of straw.
• Alignment and preparation of the material.
• Weaving and shaping the hat.
• Question: What materials are used and how are they obtained?
• Answer: The main raw material is toquilla straw, which is
acquired through intermediaries.
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• Question: What are the main challenges in the production
process?
• Answer: The payment to the weavers is not fair and does not
compensate for the effort and time invested.
Marketing
• Question: How are hats currently marketed?
• Answer: Mainly in local markets, although the lack of specialized
outlets limits their access to better prices.
• Question: What are the main difculties in selling the products?
• Answer: There are no suitable physical spaces for direct
marketing, which forces us to rely on intermediaries.
Training and resources
• Question: Have you received training on production and
marketing techniques?
• Answer: Only one training session has been conducted to date,
which is insufcient to improve sales techniques and strategies.
• Question: What additional resources are needed to improve
production and marketing?
• Answer: The municipality is required to allocate more resources
to support production and generate more efcient marketing
mechanisms.
Organization and formalization
• Question: How important is the creation of a formal weavers’
association?
• Answer: It is extremely important, as it would strengthen the
economy of producers and improve their working conditions.
• Question: What would be the main benets of the partnership?
• Answer: An association would contribute to:
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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• Respuesta: Es sumamente importante, ya que permitiría fortale-
cer la economía de las productoras y mejorar sus condiciones de
trabajo.
• Pregunta: ¿Cuáles serían los principales benecios de la asocia-
ción?
• Respuesta: Una asociación contribuiría a:
• Mejorar la organización y acceder a nanciamiento.
• Establecer precios más justos para los productos.
• Impulsar la comercialización en mercados nacionales e interna-
cionales.
• Generar mayor visibilidad y reconocimiento del trabajo artesa-
nal.
• Pregunta: ¿Algún comentario adicional sobre la situación actual
de la producción?
• Respuesta: El pago que reciben las tejedoras no es justo ni su-
ciente, lo que afecta la sostenibilidad de esta tradición artesanal.
Se realizan las encuestas a 17 mujeres artesanas que trabajan con
paja toquilla en la parroquia Nazón.
Gráco 1
Producción mensual de sombreros
Fuente: Elaborado por los autores.
17,60%
41,70%
35,30%
5,40%
MENOS DE 5 ENTRE 5 Y 10 SOMBREROS
ENTRE 11 Y 20 SOMBREROS MÁS DE 20
• Improve organization and access nancing.
• Establish fairer prices for products.
• Promote marketing in national and international markets.
• Generate greater visibility and recognition of artisanal work.
• Question: Any additional comments on the current production
situation?
• Answer: The weavers’ pay is neither fair nor sufcient, which
affects the sustainability of this artisanal tradition. Surveys
were conducted among 17 women artisans who work with
toquilla straw in the Nazón parish.
Chart 1
Monthly production of hats
Source: Prepared by the authors.
The majority of weavers (41.7%) have a moderate production of
between 5 and 10 hats per month, suggesting that the work is manual and
detailed, limiting the quantity they can produce. Only 5.4% produce more
than 20 hats per month, indicating limitations in production capacity,
either due to lack of time, resources, or demand. Another 17.6% produce
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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La mayoría de las tejedoras (41,7 %) tienen una producción moderada
de entre 5 y 10 sombreros al mes, lo que sugiere que el trabajo es manual y
detallado, limitando la cantidad que pueden elaborar. Solo el 5,4% produce
más de 20 sombreros al mes, lo que indica que existen limitaciones en la ca-
pacidad productiva, ya sea por falta de tiempo, recursos o demanda. Un 17,6%
produce menos de 5 sombreros al mes, lo que sugiere una baja productividad
en algunos casos, probablemente debido a factores como la edad, falta de in-
sumos o baja rentabilidad.
Gráco 2
Tiempo de producción de un sombrero
Fuente: Elaborado por los autores.
Más de la mitad de las tejedoras (52,9 %) necesitan entre 1 y 2 días para
completar un sombrero, lo que indica que la producción sigue un proceso
meticuloso. Un 35,3 % tarda más de dos días en la elaboración, lo que puede
deberse a que produzcan sombreros de mayor calidad o más detallados. Solo
el 11,8% logra elaborar un sombrero en menos de un día, lo que sugiere que
11,80%
52,90%
35,30%
MENOS DE UN DÍA ENTRE UNO Y DOS DÍAS MÁS DE DOS DÍAS
fewer than 5 hats per month, suggesting low productivity in some cases,
likely due to factors such as age, lack of inputs, or low protability.
Chart 2
Production time of a hat
Source: Prepared by the authors.
More than half of the weavers (52.9%) take between one and two
days to complete a hat, indicating that production follows a meticulous
process. A further 35.3% take more than two days to complete, which may
be due to producing higher-quality or more detailed hats. Only 11.8%
manage to make a hat in less than one day, suggesting that most weavers
cannot signicantly speed up the process without compromising quality.
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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la mayoría de las tejedoras no pueden acelerar signicativamente el proceso
sin comprometer la calidad.
Gráco 3
Precios de venta de los sombreros
Fuente: Elaborado por los autores.
La gran mayoría (82,4 %) vende sus sombreros por menos de $10, lo que
reeja una subvaloración del producto artesanal y la dependencia de inter-
mediarios. Ninguna tejedora obtiene más de $20 por sombrero, lo que indica
que no tienen acceso a mercados que valoren el trabajo artesanal o permitan
precios justos. El 17,6 % que vende entre $10 y $20 puede estar accediendo a
mejores mercados o produciendo sombreros de mayor calidad. El bajo precio
de venta, comparado con el tiempo de producción, sugiere que la rentabili-
dad de la actividad es baja y que se requieren estrategias de comercialización
y acceso a mercados más rentables.
11,80%
52,90%
35,30%
MENOS DE UN DÍA ENTRE UNO Y DOS DÍAS MÁS DE DOS DÍAS
Chart 3
Selling prices of hats
Source: Prepared by the authors.
The vast majority (82.4%) sell their hats for less than $10, reecting
an undervaluation of the artisanal product and a dependence on
intermediaries. No weaver earns more than $20 per hat, indicating that
they lack access to markets that value artisanal work or allow for fair
prices. The 17.6% who sell between $10 and $20 may be accessing better
markets or producing higher-quality hats. The low selling price, compared
to the production time, suggests that the protability of the activity is low
and that marketing strategies and access to more protable markets are
required.
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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Gráco 4
Satisfacción de ingresos por la venta de sombreros
Fuente: Elaborado por los autores.
Casi la mitad (47,1 %) de las tejedoras están insatisfechas, lo que con-
rma que los ingresos actuales no cubren sus necesidades económicas. Un
41,2% dice estar poco satisfecho, lo que signica que la mayoría de las teje-
doras no perciben su actividad como rentable. Solo el 11,7 % (sumando sa-
tisfechas y muy satisfechas) se encuentra conforme con sus ingresos, lo que
evidencia la urgencia de mejorar los precios de venta y la comercialización.
Gráco 5
Acceso a capacitación sobre técnicas de producción
Fuente: Elaborado por los autores.
11,80%
52,90%
35,30%
MENOS DE UN DÍA ENTRE UNO Y DOS DÍAS MÁS DE DOS DÍAS
29,40%
70,60%
SI NO
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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Gráco 4
Satisfacción de ingresos por la venta de sombreros
Fuente: Elaborado por los autores.
Casi la mitad (47,1 %) de las tejedoras están insatisfechas, lo que con-
rma que los ingresos actuales no cubren sus necesidades económicas. Un
41,2% dice estar poco satisfecho, lo que signica que la mayoría de las teje-
doras no perciben su actividad como rentable. Solo el 11,7 % (sumando sa-
tisfechas y muy satisfechas) se encuentra conforme con sus ingresos, lo que
evidencia la urgencia de mejorar los precios de venta y la comercialización.
Gráco 5
Acceso a capacitación sobre técnicas de producción
Fuente: Elaborado por los autores.
11,80%
52,90%
35,30%
MENOS DE UN DÍA ENTRE UNO Y DOS DÍAS MÁS DE DOS DÍAS
29,40%
70,60%
SI NO
Chart 4
Income satisfaction from the sale of hats
Source: Prepared by the authors.
Nearly half (47.1%) of weavers are dissatised, conrming that their
current income does not cover their nancial needs. Forty-one percent
(41.2%) say they are somewhat dissatised, meaning that the majority of
weavers do not perceive their activity as protable. Only 11.7% (combining
satised and very satised) are satised with their income, highlighting
the urgent need to improve sales prices and marketing.
Chart 5
Access to training on production techniques
Source: Prepared by the authors.
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SI NO
Lack of training affects 70.6% of weavers, limiting their access
to better techniques, production time optimization, and marketing
strategies. The 29.4% who have received training represent a minority,
indicating a lack of institutional support to strengthen their knowledge
and skills. Implementing technical and commercial training programs
would be key to improving production and increasing protability.
Chart 6
Formation of an association for women weavers in the Nazón parish
Source: Prepared by the authors.
All women who weave toquilla straw are 100% interested in joining
an association.
5. Discussion
The results of this research reect the complex reality faced by
toquilla straw weavers in the Nazón parish, where artisanal production
represents not only a means of economic support but also a fundamental
element of cultural identity. However, the ndings reveal multiple
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structural limitations that affect the protability of the activity, its
sustainability, and the well-being of the artisans.
One of the key problems identied is the low wages per hat, with
82.4% of weavers selling their product for less than $10, despite the fact that
more than 88% take at least a day to make. This conrms the existence of
inequality in the value chain, where intermediaries obtain greater prots
at the expense of the precariousness of artisanal labor (Gaudin & Pérez,
2020). This phenomenon has been documented in previous studies on the
popular and solidarity economy, where the lack of direct market access
and dependence on external actors limit the growth of small producers
(Gaudin & Pérez, 2020).
Another signicant nding is the lack of training and technical
assistance. 70.6% of weavers have never received training in production
or marketing, which restricts their ability to innovate, diversify products,
and access more protable markets. Studies in other toquilla straw-
producing communities have shown that training in advanced weaving
techniques, time management, and digital marketing can increase income
(Aguirre Castro, 2018).
The study also shows unanimity in favor of forming a formal
association, with 100% of those surveyed expressing interest in this
initiative. The creation of associations has improved negotiating capacity,
provided access to credit, and strengthened national and international
marketing (Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural [INPC], 2024).
In contrast to these challenges, the analysis also reveals strategic
opportunities for strengthening the activity. Global demand for authentic
artisanal products has grown in recent years, especially in luxury and
fair trade markets (UNESCO, 2012). If weavers manage to organize and
access these markets, they could multiply their income and reduce their
dependence on intermediaries. To achieve this, it is essential that local
authorities and the State implement policies to incentivize artisanal
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
de paja toquilla en la parroquia Nazón 302 - 310
de comercialización y programas de capacitación continua (Ley de Economía
Popular y Solidaria, 2011).
Estrategias y propuesta de Estatuto para el Fortalecimiento de la
Producción Artesanal en Nazón a través de la constitución de una
Asociación
En sentido, la producción de sombreros de paja toquilla en Nazón enfrenta
retos signicativos en términos de remuneración, acceso a mercados y forta-
lecimiento organizativo. Sin embargo, los resultados de esta investigación su-
gieren que, mediante estrategias adecuadas de capacitación, nanciamiento
y comercialización directa, es posible transformar esta actividad en un mode-
lo de desarrollo económico sostenible y equitativo para las tejedoras, asegu-
rando la preservación de su legado cultural.
Gráco 7
Estrategias complementarias para fortalecer la economía artesanal en Nazón
Fuente: Elaborado a partir de Mejía & Varón Parra (2016)
Mejorar la accesibilidad a los Espacios de Producción Cultural Inmaterial (EPCI), promoviendo talleres abiertos donde las
tejedoras puedan trabajar y exponer su arte.
Invertir en infraestructura sostenible y adquisición de equipos adecuados, aprovechando materia prima local y
mano de obra de la comunidad.
Fomentar el acceso a tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, permitiendo la venta en línea y la
difusión del producto en mercados nacionales e internacionales.
Garantizar un aumento de beneficios directos para las lugareñas, promoviendo incentivos económicos y
asistencia financiera que dignifiquen su trabajo.
Facilitar el montaje de proyectos productivos y eventos culturales, asegurando que las tejedoras tengan
presencia en ferias nacionales e internacionales.
Promocionar activamente el sombrero de paja toquilla en plataformas turísticas y culturales, asegurando su
reconocimiento como producto de alto valor patrimonial.
Asegurar condiciones de seguridad y confianza en la comercialización , protegiendo a las tejedoras de intermediarios
que abusan de su trabajo.
production, such as accessible credit, marketing opportunities, and
ongoing training programs (Popular and Solidarity Economy Law, 2011).
Strategies and proposed statutes for strengthening artisanal production
in Nazón through the establishment of an association.
In this sense, the production of toquilla straw hats in Nazón faces
signicant challenges in terms of remuneration, market access, and
organizational strengthening. However, the results of this research
suggest that, through appropriate training, nancing, and direct
marketing strategies, it is possible to transform this activity into a model
of sustainable and equitable economic development for the weavers,
ensuring the preservation of their cultural heritage.
Chart 7
Complementary strategies to strengthen the artisanal economy in Nazón
Source: Prepared from Mejía & Varón Parra (2016)
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As part of its commitment to protecting and promoting the rights of
toquilla straw hat weavers, the Law Department at the Catholic University
of Cuenca has developed a Statute for the establishment of a formal
association. This statute was developed in accordance with Executive
Decree 193 (2017), specically Article 12, with the goal of guaranteeing
the artisans’ labor rights, facilitating access to state benets, promoting
entrepreneurship, and strengthening the marketing of their products. In
this way, the program seeks to establish a legal framework that protects
and regulates their activity.
The statute will establish and regulate at least the following aspects:
Table 1.
Contents of the Statute
Aspect Description
Name, scope of action
and address of the orga-
nization
Denes the ofcial name of the organization,
its purpose, and the location of its headquar-
ters.
Territorial scope of the
organization
Determine the geographic extent in which the
association will operate.
Aims and objectives of
the organization
It establishes the main purposes of the associa-
tion and will carry out volunteer activities for
social action and development.
Organizational structure It denes the internal composition of the asso-
ciation and its governing bodies.
Rights and obligations of
members
Species the rights and duties of those who are
part of the organization.
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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Forma de elección de las dignidades
y duración en funciones
Explica el proceso de selección de
los dirigentes y el tiempo que per-
manecerán en sus cargos.
Atribuciones y deberes de los órga-
nos internos
Detalla las funciones de la directiva,
administradores y representantes
legales.
Patrimonio social y administración
de recursos
Regula la gestión nanciera y los
bienes de la organización.
Forma y épocas de convocar a las
asambleas generales
Establece el procedimiento y la fre-
cuencia con la que se llevarán a cabo
las reuniones generales.
Quorum para la instalación de las
asambleas generales y el quorum
decisorio
Dene la cantidad mínima de miem-
bros necesaria para validar las
decisiones.
Mecanismos de inclusión o exclu-
sión de miembros
Establece criterios para la admisión
y retiro de integrantes, garantizando
el derecho al debido proceso.
Reforma de estatutos
Describe el procedimiento para
modicar el estatuto de la organiza-
ción.
Régimen de solución de controver-
sias
Establece mecanismos para resolver
conictos internos.
Causales y procedimiento de diso-
lución y liquidación de la organiza-
ción
Dene las razones y el proceso para
la terminación de la asociación
Fuente: Elaborado a partir del Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 193 (2017)
Con este estatuto, se pretende dotar a las tejedoras de un marco nor-
mativo sólido que les permita operar de manera organizada y eciente, ase-
gurando el respeto a sus derechos y promoviendo su desarrollo económico y
social.
Method of election of
dignities and duration of
ofce
Explains the selection process for leaders and
their term in ofce.
Powers and duties of in-
ternal bodies
Details the functions of the board of directors,
administrators and legal representatives.
Social assets and resour-
ce management
Regulates the nancial management and as-
sets of the organization.
Form and times of calling
general assemblies
Establishes the procedure and frequency with
which general meetings will be held.
Quorum for the insta-
llation of general as-
semblies and the deci-
sion-making quorum
Denes the minimum number of members re-
quired to validate decisions.
Mechanisms for inclu-
ding or excluding mem-
bers
It establishes criteria for the admission and
dismissal of members, guaranteeing the right
to due process.
Reform of statutes Describes the procedure for modifying the or-
ganization’s bylaws.
Dispute settlement regi-
me
Establishes mechanisms to resolve internal
conicts.
Causes and procedure for
dissolution and liquida-
tion of the organization
Denes the reasons and process for termina-
ting the partnership
Source: Prepared from Executive Decree No. 193 (2017)
This statute aims to provide weavers with a solid regulatory
framework that allows them to operate in an organized and efcient
manner, ensuring respect for their rights and promoting their economic
and social development.
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6. Conclusions
Research on the production and marketing of toquilla straw hats in
the Nazón parish has identied the main challenges and opportunities for
artisanal weavers. The production of toquilla straw hats is a fundamental
activity for the economy of at least 25 to 30 families, being one of their
main sources of income. At a heritage level, this practice represents
an invaluable cultural legacy, linked to the community’s identity and
internationally recognized by UNESCO. However, the remuneration
per hat is low, as 82.4% of weavers sell their products for less than $10
USD, which does not compensate for the effort and time of production.
Furthermore, marketing is carried out primarily through intermediaries,
reducing the weavers’ prots and limiting their access to more protable
markets. Likewise, the lack of adequate physical spaces for direct sales
restricts their visibility in the national and international markets.
Another problem identied is limited training and access to
technology, as 70.6% of weavers have never received training in advanced
weaving techniques or marketing strategies. Furthermore, they lack access
to information and communications technologies ( ICTs ) that enable
digital sales and promotion on online platforms. This not only limits their
competitiveness but also restricts their reach to new consumers. Another
worrying aspect is the lack of generational renewal, as the majority of
active weavers are between 31 and 65 years old, while only 17.6% are
young people under 30, which jeopardizes the continuity of the craft. To
ensure its continued viability, it is urgent to create incentives to interest
new generations in learning to weave toquilla straw.
A key element for strengthening the sector is formalization and
collective organization. The creation of a formal weavers’ association
would strengthen their market position, access nancing, and improve
their productive organization. However, 70.6% of weavers have expressed
interest in forming associations. To overcome the problems in this
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area of intangible heritage, it is essential to incorporate technical and
commercial training focused on improving product quality, optimizing
production time, and facilitating access to international markets. It is also
necessary to promote the use of digital tools for promoting and selling
hats on e-commerce platforms, in addition to promoting public policies
that support craftsmanship by providing infrastructure, nancing, and
raising the prole of artisanal activity.
Furthermore, it is recommended to create intergenerational training
programs, where experienced weavers teach young people, ensuring the
continuity of the craft, as well as implementing tourism and cultural
promotion strategies, positioning the toquilla straw hat as a craft product
of high heritage value. Therefore, toquilla straw weaving in Nazón is an
activity that combines economic, social, and cultural value, but it faces
multiple challenges that threaten its sustainability. The lack of fair prices,
training, market access, and generational renewal puts the continuity of
this tradition at risk. The formalization of a weavers’ association, along
with the support of public policies and commercial innovation strategies,
can represent the key to transforming this activity into a sustainable
development model, guaranteeing better living conditions. life for artisans
and the preservation of their cultural legacy.
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Producción artesanal. Constitución de una asociación de tejedoras
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