Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Structural analysis of the personality of incarcerated women and
their dominant traits
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a122
576-600
Structural analysis of the
personality of incarcerated women
and their dominant traits
Análisis estructural de la personalidad de
mujeres privadas de la libertad y sus rasgos
dominantes
Francisco Saquicela 1, Pedro Muñoz 2, Vanessa Quito 3, Andrés Ramírez 4
1 Salesian Polytechnic University, Cuenca campus; osaquicela@ups.edu.ec. Cuenca, Ecuador.
2 Salesian Polytechnic University, Cuenca campus; pmunoza@ups.edu.ec. Cuenca, Ecuador.
3 Salesian Polytechnic University, Cuenca campus; jquito@ups.edu.ec. Cuenca, Ecuador.
4 Salesian Polytechnic University, Cuenca campus; aramirezc1@ups.edu.ec. Cuenca, Ecuador.
How to cite:
Saquicela Ochoa, O. F., Muñoz Arteaga, P. A., Quito Calle, J. V., & Ramírez Coronel, A. A. (2025). Structural
analysis of the personality of women deprived of liberty and their dominant traits. Multidisciplinary Journal
of Contemporary Research, 3(2).576-600 https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a122
Article Information
Received: 05-03-2025
Accepted: 16-06-2025
Published: 01-07-2025
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Funding Sources
The research was conducted using the authors’
own resources.
Conicts of Interest
No conicts of interest are declared.
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Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 49 -49
Copyright (c) 2025 Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé,
González González Camila Raquel, Matute Aguiar Joselyn Nayeli, Rodríguez Ver-
dugo Alejandra Valentina.
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Review article. Revista Multidisciplinaria Investigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 576 - 600. July-December, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a122
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 32 -49
Artículo Caso clínico. Revista multidisciplinaria investigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 32 - 49. julio-diciembre, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
Leucemia de células dendríticas
plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico
de un caso
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y
diagnóstico de un caso
Información del artículo:
Recibido: 05-12-2024
Aceptado: 21-02-2025
Publicado: 01-07-2025
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1 Docente Investigador; pedro.faican@ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
2 Estudiante; ibelice.dutan.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
3 Estudiante; camila.gonzalez.66@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
4 Estudiante; joselyn.matute.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
5 Estudiante; alejandra.rodriguez.60@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando 1, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé 2, González González Camila
Raquel 3, Matute Aguiar Joselyn Nayeli 4, Rodríguez Verdugo Alejandra Valentina 5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Cómo citar:
Faican Rocano, P. . F., Dután Pérez, I. S. ., González González, C. R. ., Rodríguez Verdugo, A. V. ., & Matute Aguiar, J.
N. . (2025). Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico de un caso.
Revista Multidisci-
plinaria Investigación Contemporánea
, 3(2), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Structural analysis of the personality of incarcerated women and
their dominant traits
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a122
577-600
Summary
Introduction: Structural analysis of the personality of women deprived
of liberty is essential to understand their psychological characteristics
and behavior in connement settings. This study seeks to identify and
understand the dominant traits in these women to improve intervention
and rehabilitation programs. Objective: The main objective of the study
is to identify the predominant personality traits in women deprived
of liberty, in order to provide a solid basis for the development of
rehabilitation and psychosocial support strategies. Method: A structural
analysis of personality was performed using the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI) to a sample of women deprived of liberty
( n = 40). The analysis included statistical techniques to identify the
dominant traits and their relationship with behavior and adaptation in
the prison environment. Results : The results revealed that the dominant
traits in the women studied include high levels of neuroticism and low
levels of openness to new experiences. These traits are associated with
greater difculty in adapting to the prison environment and a higher
incidence of internal and social conicts. Conclusion: Understanding the
predominant personality traits in women deprived of liberty is crucial for
designing effective interventions. The identied characteristics suggest
the need for personalized approaches in rehabilitation programs, focused
on stress management and promoting coping skills.
Keywords: Women, Personality, kindness, conscience.
Resumen
Introducción: El análisis estructural de la personalidad de mujeres
privadas de la libertad es fundamental para entender sus características
psicológicas y su comportamiento en contextos de reclusión. Este estudio
busca identicar y comprender los rasgos dominantes en estas mujeres
para mejorar los programas de intervención y rehabilitación. Objetivo:
El objetivo principal del estudio es identicar los rasgos de personalidad
predominantes en mujeres en situación de privación de libertad, con el n
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Structural analysis of the personality of incarcerated women and
their dominant traits
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a122
578-600
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a122
Análisis estructural de la personalidad de mujeres privadas de la
libertad y sus rasgos dominantes 578 - 600
sample of incarcerated women (n = 40). The analysis included statistical techniques
to identify dominant traits and their relationship with behavior and adaptation in
the penitentiary environment.
Results
: The results revealed that the dominant traits
in the studied women include high levels of neuroticism and low levels of openness
to new experiences. These traits are associated with greater difculty in adapting to
the penitentiary environment and a higher incidence of internal and social conicts.
Conclusion
: Understanding the predominant personality traits in incarcerated
women is crucial for designing effective interventions. The identied characteristics
suggest the need for personalized approaches in rehabilitation programs, focusing
on stress management and the promotion of adaptive skills.
Keywords: Women, Personality, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness.
de ofrecer una base sólida para el desarrollo de estrategias de rehabilitación
y apoyo psicosocial. Método: Se realizó un análisis estructural de la
personalidad utilizando el Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) a una muestra de mujeres privadas de libertad (n = 40). El análisis
incluyó técnicas estadísticas para identicar los rasgos dominantes y su
relación con el comportamiento y la adaptación en el entorno penitenciario.
Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que los rasgos dominantes en las
mujeres estudiadas incluyen altos niveles de neuroticismo y bajos niveles
de apertura a nuevas experiencias. Estos rasgos están asociados con una
mayor dicultad en la adaptación al entorno penitenciario y una mayor
incidencia de conictos internos y sociales. Conclusión: Comprender los
rasgos de personalidad predominantes en mujeres privadas de libertad
es crucial para diseñar intervenciones efectivas. Las características
identicadas sugieren la necesidad de enfoques personalizados en
los programas de rehabilitación, enfocados en la gestión del estrés y la
promoción de habilidades de adaptación.
Palabras clave: Mujeres, Personalidad, amabilidad, conciencia.
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their dominant traits
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1. Introduction
The study of personality has been a eld of signicant interest in
psychology due to its inuence on human behavior and social interactions
(Roberts et al., 2022). Understanding personality traits and dimensions is
essential for addressing various problems in specic contexts, such as the
prison system (Blake & Gangestad, 2020) . In particular, the analysis of the
personality of incarcerated women offers valuable insight for developing
rehabilitation (Coppola & Martu , 2024) and social reintegration (Clubb
et al., 2024) programs.
Authors such as Eysenck (1984) and Cattell (as cited in Comrey &
Duffy, 1968) are pioneers in personality research, developing theories
and tools that facilitated the measurement and analysis of personality
traits. Eysenck, with his three-factor theory (neuroticism, extraversion,
and psychoticism), and Cattell, with her 16-factor model of personality,
provided robust theoretical frameworks for the study of personality in
diverse contexts.
According to Balarezo (2015), identifying the prevalent personality
traits in a human being would facilitate the development of strategies for
an adequate approach and intervention, in this case, during and after the
period of deprivation of liberty; the existence of the following traits can be
mentioned: paranoid, bipolar (cognitive approach), borderline , antisocial
(behavioral approach), schizoid, avoidant, dependent (distant approach),
schizotypal, histrionic and narcissistic.
In the context of Women Deprived of Liberty (WDL), these theoretical
models can be applied to explore how personality traits inuence
behavior and experiences within the prison system (Moreira et al., 2022 ).
Furthermore, research in this area can reveal risk and protective factors
that are critical for intervention and psychosocial support (Anderson et
al., 2020 ).
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Análisis estructural de la personalidad de mujeres privadas de la
libertad y sus rasgos dominantes 580 - 600
ciario (Moreira et al., 2022). Además, la investigación en este ámbito puede
revelar factores de riesgo y protección que son críticos para la intervención y
el apoyo psicosocial (Anderson et al., 2020).
Más aún cuando se conoce que aproximadamente el 23 % de MPL du-
rante su estancia en prisión, requieren servicios ambulatorios de salud por
trastornos de personalidad, de ahí que se necesite evaluar el porcentaje de
mujeres con psicopatología y la prevalencia de determinados rasgos de per-
sonalidad, para dar un seguimiento e intervención adecuados (Molina et al.,
2022).
Siguiendo a Molina et al. (2022) las MPL suelen presentar altas puntua-
ciones en rasgos de personalidad esquizoide y depresivo, con mayor preva-
lencia de patrones clínicos de personalidad a menor edad, y rasgos de per-
sonalidad antisocial, compulsiva, esquizotipia y límite a menor tiempo en
prisión y mayor número de ingresos a centro de privación de la libertad. De
hecho, Kalsoom & Gul (2020), indican que los rasgos de personalidad límite,
antisocial, histriónico y narcisista se asocian con la ejecución de asaltos, abu-
so sexual, asesinatos, incendios y robo en MLP.
Molina et al. (2023) señalan que los rasgos de personalidad antisocial
son prevalentes en mujeres privadas de libertad que están en pabellones
de máxima seguridad, y que se caracterizan por la presencia de falta de re-
mordimiento, insensibilidad emocional y manipulación. Además, este rasgo
estaría asociado con la probabilidad de reincidencia en el cometimiento de
delitos en MPL (Shahid & Mujeeba, 2022).
Mientras que, los rasgos de personalidad límite se asociarían con con-
ductas de riesgo para el contagio del Virus de la Inmunodeciencia Humana
(Adams et al., 2016), con el consumo de sustancias, principalmente cocaína,
en mujeres antes, durante y hasta 12 meses después de pasar por un periodo
de privación de su libertad (Loya et al., 2022), con mayor frecuencia cuando
estos rasgos de personalidad se acompañan de disfuncionalidad en la diná-
mica familiar (Malik & Majeed, 2023).
En los últimos años, la investigación sobre la personalidad en contex-
tos de reclusión ha cobrado una relevancia signicativa debido a la creciente
Even more so when it is known that approximately 23% of MPL during
their stay in prison require outpatient health services for personality
disorders, hence the need to evaluate the percentage of women with
psychopathology and the prevalence of certain personality traits, in order
to provide adequate follow-up and intervention (Molina et al., 2022).
Following Molina et al. (2022), MPLs tend to present high scores in
schizoid and depressive personality traits, with a higher prevalence of
clinical personality patterns at a younger age, and antisocial, compulsive,
schizotypal and borderline personality traits with shorter prison terms
and a higher number of admissions to prisons. In fact, Kalsoom & Gul
(2020) indicate that borderline, antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic
personality traits are associated with the commission of assaults, sexual
abuse, murders, arsons and theft in MLPs.
Molina et al. (2023) point out that antisocial personality traits are
prevalent in women deprived of liberty who are held in maximum security
wards, and that they are characterized by the presence of a lack of remorse,
emotional insensitivity, and manipulation. Furthermore, this trait would
be associated with the likelihood of recidivism in MPL ( Shahid & Mujeeba,
2022).
While borderline personality traits would be associated with risk
behaviors for the spread of the Human Immunodeciency Virus (Adams
et al., 2016), with substance use, mainly cocaine, in women before, during
and up to 12 months after going through a period of deprivation of liberty
(Loya et al., 2022), more frequently when these personality traits are
accompanied by dysfunctionality in family dynamics (Malik & Majeed ,
2023).
In recent years, research on personality in prison settings has gained
signicant relevance due to the growing need to develop more effective
and humane rehabilitation programs (Smith et al., 2022). Recent studies
have shown that women inmates present unique personality proles that
differ markedly from their male counterparts, underscoring the need for
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gender-specic approaches to psychosocial intervention and support
(Anderson & Pitner , 2021). Furthermore, the prevalence of personality
disorders in this population remains high, with direct implications for
the management of their mental health and the reduction of criminal
recidivism (Jones et al., 2023).
A crucial aspect identied in recent literature is the relationship
between prior trauma and personality traits in incarcerated women.
Longitudinal studies have found that experiences of abuse and violence in
childhood are strongly correlated with the development of dysfunctional
personality traits in adulthood (Cohen & Brown, 2020). These connections
suggest that interventions should address not only current behaviors but
also traumatic history that may have contributed to criminality (Robinson
et al., 2023).
In addition, the assessment of personality traits using tools such as the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality The MMPI has allowed researchers to
identify specic patterns that can predict risky behaviors and adjustment
difculties in prison settings (Miller et al., 2022). For example, high levels
of neuroticism and low levels of agreeableness have been consistently
associated with a higher incidence of conict and mental health problems
in women prisoners (Sullivan et al., 2021).
Therefore, this analysis not only contributes to the academic
understanding of personality but also has practical implications for the
management of penitentiary institutions and the design of public policies
aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of women into society.
By delving deeper into the personality of this specic population, more
effective and humane strategies can be developed to promote their well-
being and resocialization.
The main objective was to determine the structure and
manifestations of personality in women deprived of liberty, through a
comprehensive analysis that allows identifying patterns. For this study,
177 female deprived of liberty individuals held at the Azuay N1 Deprivation
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investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
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Análisis estructural de la personalidad de mujeres privadas de la
libertad y sus rasgos dominantes 582 - 600
Se planteó como objetivo principal determinar la estructura y mani-
festaciones de la personalidad en mujeres privadas de libertad, mediante
un análisis exhaustivo que permita identicar patrones. Para este estudio
se evaluaron 177 personas privadas de libertad mujeres recluidas en el Cen-
tro de Privación de Libertad Azuay N1, de este número en 40 de ellas se ne-
cesitaba estudiar su personalidad desde 2019 hasta 2022 por la gravedad y
connotación relacionadas con el cometimiento de delitos, los resultados ob-
tenidos maniestan características relacionadas con el desarrollo de la per-
sonalidad, como autoestima, autoimagen, autoconocimiento, habilidades de
afrontamiento, temperamento y carácter, y el grado de madurez psicológica
alcanzada.
En los sistemas penitenciarios contemporáneos, el estudio de la per-
sonalidad de los encarcelados es un tema crucial para comprender las di-
námicas internas de estos entornos y para informar estrategias efectivas de
rehabilitación y reintegración social. Entre los grupos vulnerables dentro de
estas poblaciones, las mujeres privadas de la libertad representan un seg-
mento particularmente relevante, caracterizado por experiencias de vida
complejas que frecuentemente incluyen historias de abuso, trauma y des-
ventajas socioeconómicas.
La personalidad, entendida como el conjunto de características psico-
lógicas estables que conguran la manera en que los individuos perciben y
responden al mundo, juega un papel fundamental en la adaptación de las
personas a su entorno, incluyendo cómo enfrentan el encarcelamiento y las
oportunidades de rehabilitación. Sin embargo, la investigación especíca so-
bre la personalidad en mujeres encarceladas es limitada, con estudios predo-
minantes centrados en muestras masculinas o en generalizaciones basadas
en poblaciones mixtas.
Este artículo se centra en llenar este vacío investigativo al identicar
un análisis estructural de la personalidad de mujeres privadas de la liber-
tad, identicando y comprendiendo los rasgos dominantes. Con un enfoque
empírico y teórico riguroso, este estudio pretende ampliar el conocimiento
académico sobre la psicología de las mujeres en prisión, ofrecer recomenda-
of Liberty Center were evaluated. Of these, 40 required personality studies
from 2019 to 2022 due to the severity and connotations associated with
the commission of crimes. The results obtained reveal characteristics
related to personality development, such as self-esteem, self-image, self-
knowledge, coping skills, temperament and character, and the degree of
psychological maturity achieved.
In contemporary prison systems, the study of incarcerated
individuals’ personalities is crucial for understanding the internal
dynamics of these environments and for informing effective rehabilitation
and social reintegration strategies. Among the vulnerable groups within
these populations, women in prison represent a particularly relevant
segment, characterized by complex life experiences that frequently
include histories of abuse, trauma, and socioeconomic disadvantage.
Personality, understood as the set of stable psychological
characteristics that shape how individuals perceive and respond to the
world, plays a fundamental role in how people adapt to their environment,
including how they cope with incarceration and rehabilitation
opportunities. However, specic research on personality in incarcerated
women is limited, with studies predominantly focusing on male samples
or generalizations based on mixed populations.
This article focuses on lling this research gap by providing a
structural analysis of the personality of women in prison, identifying
and understanding their dominant traits. Using a rigorous empirical and
theoretical approach, this study aims to expand academic knowledge on
the psychology of women in prison, offer practical recommendations to
improve their quality of life, and promote the successful reintegration of
these women into society after serving their sentences.
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2. Methodology
Type of Research
A non-experimental quantitative descriptive, correlational,
retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out.
Participants
The participants were 40 women deprived of liberty (secondary
data from 2021 in a detention center), using non-probability convenience
sampling. Demographic data reveal signicant diversity in the marital
status of the women deprived of liberty analyzed. The majority identify as
single, representing 45 % of the sample, followed by those in common-law
unions, who constitute 30 %. Additionally, a considerable proportion of
widowed, married, and divorced women are observed, each representing
10% and 7.5% respectively. This variability in marital status suggests a
range of experiences and family contexts among the study participants.
Regarding educational level, a diverse distribution is observed in the
sample. Incomplete secondary education is the most common category,
accounting for 30% of the women, closely followed by incomplete primary
education, which represents 25%. On the other hand, those with completed
higher education and those with completed primary education are less
prevalent, at 17.5% and 7.5%, respectively. These gures reect a variety of
educational levels within the study population, which may inuence their
life trajectories and employment opportunities (Table 1).
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Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of sociodemographic variables
n (%)
Marital status
Married 3 (7.5%)
Divorcee 3 (7.5%)
Single woman 18 (45%)
Widow 4 (10%)
Free union 12 (30%)
Level of education
Complete upper level 7 (18%)
Incomplete primary education 10 (25%)
Complete secondary education 8 (20%)
Incomplete secondary education 12 (30%)
Complete primary education 3 (7.5%)
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria for this study considered women deprived of
liberty, whose data were secondary. Signicant diversity was observed
in the marital status and educational level of the participants, reecting
a wide range of family and educational experiences. Exclusion criteria
included women under the age of 18, those unable to provide informed
consent or experiencing emotional crisis, as well as those participating in
other concurrent studies that could inuence the results.
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Tools
Ad-hoc survey of the following sociodemographic variables: marital
status, education and crime of entry.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI ) is one of the
most widely used and recognized psychological assessment instruments
in the eld of clinical and forensic psychology. Designed to measure
personality and psychopathology, the MMPI consists of an extensive series
of questions or statements about various aspects of behavior, thought,
and emotion. Developed in the 1940s, it has been revised and updated
several times since. The MMPI assesses a wide range of personality
characteristics and psychopathology, including depression, anxiety,
paranoia, schizophrenia, and hypomania. Its scales include both specic
symptoms and underlying behavioral patterns, allowing clinicians to
gain an in-depth understanding of the personality and mental state of the
individuals being assessed. The MMPI is used in a variety of clinical and
forensic contexts, such as the evaluation of mental disorders, the selection
of candidates for sensitive employment positions, and the evaluation of
persons involved in legal proceedings.
Procedure
The research was conducted using secondary data obtained from
incarcerated women. Initially, existing datasets containing responses
previously collected using the Minnesota Multiphasic were accessed.
Personality Inventory ( MMPI ). Information was obtained from institutional
databases, previous research archives, or clinical records. After accessing
secondary data, data cleaning and preparation were performed , followed
by statistical analysis to explore patterns and relationships with the
incarcerated women’s personalities. Measures were taken to ensure the
condentiality and privacy of the information, as well as to comply with
all applicable data protection regulations and policies. Furthermore, the
necessary ethical approvals were obtained before using secondary data in
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the research. The results obtained were interpreted based on the research
objectives, allowing for a deeper understanding of personality in this
specic group of women.
Statistical analysis
descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Univariate and
bivariate analyses . First, univariate descriptive analysis was used to explore
the distribution of responses on each of the MMPI scales, allowing for the
identication of central tendencies, dispersion, and potential outliers
in the women in prison’s personality scores. Subsequently, bivariate
descriptive analysis was performed to investigate the relationships
between the different MMPI dimensions and other variables of interest,
such as marital status and education level. This analysis identied
potential associations between personality and other factors relevant to
the context of women in prison. Furthermore, median difference tests
were performed to examine whether there were signicant differences
in personality scores between different groups of participants, based on
variables such as marital status and education level. These statistical
techniques provided a deeper understanding of the women in prison’s
personality and allowed for the identication of signicant patterns and
relationships for further research.
Additionally, this advanced technique was used to examine the
complex relationships between latent and observed variables in a
previously established theoretical model. The SEM model specied the
hypothesized relationships between different aspects of the incarcerated
women’s personality and their potential determinants or consequences.
Structural equations were used to represent these relationships, along
with measurement equations that described how the latent variables
were related to the observed variables.
To conduct the SEM analysis, maximum likelihood estimation was
used to t the model to the observed data and assess its adequacy. Model
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t statistics, such as the Wald chi-square, comparative t indices (e.g., CFI,
TLI), and robust standard errors, were calculated to determine whether
the model t the collected empirical data well.
Results
Regarding crimes committed, a wide range of illegal activities is
observed among women deprived of liberty. Drug trafcking is the most
common crime, accounting for 25% of cases, followed by robbery, which
constitutes 12.5%. In addition, less frequent but equally signicant cases
are identied, such as human trafcking, murder, fraud, and others. This
diversity of crimes highlights the complexity of these women’s individual
circumstances and suggests the need for multidimensional approaches to
intervention and rehabilitation.
Exploring Personality: An analysis of women deprived of liberty
revealed an average age of 34.8 years, with a wide variability ranging from
18 to 62 years (m = 34.8 ± 11.9 years). This suggests a signicant diversity in
life experience and personal development among the population studied.
Regarding personality traits, relatively high mean scores were
observed in some domains. For example, the tendency toward paranoia
was notable, with a mean score of 3.9 and a standard deviation of 1.6 (m
= 3.9 ± 1.6). This indicates a signicant tendency toward mistrust and
suspicion in this group of women deprived of liberty.
A tendency toward schizoid and histrionic-schizotypal traits was
also noted, with mean scores of 4.2 and 4.2, respectively (schizoid: 4.2 ± 1.4;
histrionic-schizotypal: 4.2 ± 2). These results demonstrate the presence
of characteristics related to social withdrawal, as well as exaggerated and
theatrical emotional expression, in the study population.
In contrast, lower mean scores were observed for antisocial and
narcissistic traits, with mean values of 2.7 and 3.5, respectively (antisocial:
2.7 ± 1.4; narcissistic: 3.5 ± 2). These ndings may indicate a lower prevalence
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of antisocial behaviors and less exaggerated self-perceptions in this group
of women.
However, it is worth noting the presence of a relatively high level
of avoidance traits, with a mean score of 4.7 (avoidance: 4.7 ± 2.0). This
indicates a tendency to avoid challenging social or emotional situations,
which could inuence their ability to adapt and function in diverse
environments (Table 2).
Table 2. Descriptive analysis of Personality in women deprived of liberty.
Shapiro-Wilk Percentiles
Average Median OF Minimum Maximum W p 25th 75th
Age 34.77 32.00 11.90 18 62 0.944 0.046 25.00 43.00
Paranoid 3.92 4.00 1.59 1 7 0.946 0.057 3.00 5.00
Schizoid 4.25 4.00 1.39 1 6 0.909 0.004 3.00 5.25
Histrionic
Schizotypal 4.22 3.50 2.01 1 8 0.918 0.007 3.00 6.00
Antisocial 2.74 3 1.45 0 6 0.949 0.075 2.00 4.00
Narcissistic 3.52 3.50 2.03 0 8 0.948 0.063 2.00 5.00
Limit 3.85 4.00 1.97 0 7 0.932 0.019 3.00 5.00
Obsessive-
Compulsive 3.58 4.00 1.50 0 7 0.947 0.061 3.00 4.00
Dependence 2.40 2.00 1.77 0 7 0.916 0.006 1.00 4.00
Avoidance 4.72 5.00 1.99 0 8 0.957 0.127 3.00 6.00
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Table 3. Female personality based on marital status.
Married Divorcee Single
woman Widow Free
union Statistical Test
(N=3) (N=3) (N=18) (N=4) (N=12)
Schizoid 4.0 4.0
4.8
3.2 4.0
4.8 3.0 4.5 6.0 3.2 5.5
6.0
3.0 3.5
5.0 F 4.35 = 0.60, P = 0.66 1
Histrionic
Schizotypal 1.3 3.0 4.7 2.0 2.0
4.5 3.0 5.5 7.0 2.4 3.5 5.2 3.0 3.5
5.6 F 4.35 = 0.96, P = 0.44 1
Narcissistic 2.3 4.0
6.5
2.2 3.0
3.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 2.7 5.5 6.0 1.4 2.5 4.0 F 4.35 =1.27, P=0.30 1
Limit 1.2 2.0 4.5 1.5 4.0
4.8 3.0 4.0 5.1 2.2 4.5 6.2 1.8 4.0
5.0 F 4.35 = 0.50, P = 0.74 1
Dependence 1.2 2.0 4.5 0.2 1.0 2.7 1.0 2.5 4.0 0.0 0.5
2.2
1.0 2.0
3.6 F 4.35 =1.66, P=0.18 1
Avoidance 3.2 4.0
4.8
3.0 3.0
5.5 4.0 6.0 7.0 2.8 4.5
6.8
2.4 4.0
6.0 F 4.35 = 0.97, P = 0.44 1
Note: 1 Kruskal-Wallis. 2 Pearson. 3 Wilcoxon.
The results presented come from an adjustment analysis of a female
personality model, where two models are compared: the User Model
and Baseline Model. First of all, the Overall Tests indicate that there is no
signicant difference between the user model and the base model, since
the chi-square value ( X²) is 13.5 with 14 degrees of freedom and a p-value
of 0.487.
Regarding the adjustment indices, the SRMR (Root Mean Square
Residual) and the RMSEA ( Root Mean Square Error of Approximation)
indicate a good model t, with values of 0.067 and 0.000 respectively.
Furthermore, the 95% condence intervals for the RMSEA are within an
acceptable range (0.000 to 0.150).
When comparing the User Model with the Baseline Model , t indices
such as CFI (Comparative Fit Index), TLI (Tucker-Lewis Index ), NNFI
(Bentler-Bonett Non- normed Fit Index), RNI (Relative Noncentrality
Index ) and IFI (Bollen’s Incremental Fit Index) show values close to 1. In
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Figura 1. Modelo SEM de la personalidad femenina.
Nota: Parnd=Paranoide, Antsc = Antisocial, Esqzd= Esquizoide, Nrccs = Narcisista, Dpndn =
Dependencia, Limit = Limite, Evtcn = Evitación.
La gura 1 presenta un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) que
examina la estructura de la personalidad femenina, considerando varios ras-
gos especícos. En el centro del modelo se encuentra el constructo latente de
la personalidad femenina (PF), del cual emergen varias echas hacia diferen-
tes rasgos de personalidad, cada una con un coeciente que indica la fuerza
de la relación.
El rasgo paranoide (Parnd) muestra una asociación perfecta con la per-
sonalidad femenina, con un coeciente de 1.00, representado por una línea
discontinua. Esto indica que el rasgo paranoide está completamente expli-
cado por el constructo latente en este modelo. La personalidad antisocial
summary, the results suggest that the female personality model proposed
by the user ts well to the observed data, but could benet from a revision
to improve parsimony and avoid overtting.
Figure 1. SEM model of female personality.
Note: Parnd = Paranoid, Antsc = Antisocial, Esqzd = Schizoid, Nrccs =
Narcissistic, Dpndn = Dependent, Limit = Borderline, Evtcn = Avoidant.
Figure 1 presents a structural equation model (SEM) that examines
the structure of female personality, considering several specic traits. At
the center of the model is the latent construct of female personality (FP),
from which several arrows emerge toward different personality traits,
each with a coefcient indicating the strength of the relationship.
The paranoid trait ( Parnd ) shows a perfect association with feminine
personality, with a coefcient of 1.00, represented by a dashed line. This
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indicates that the paranoid trait is completely explained by the latent
construct in this model. Antisocial personality ( Antsc ) has a coefcient of
0.84, suggesting a strong and positive, although not perfect, relationship
with feminine personality. The schizoid trait ( Esqzd ) is almost perfectly
related to feminine personality, with a coefcient of 0.99.
Narcissism ( Nrccs ) has a coefcient of 1.07, suggesting a signicant
positive relationship between this trait and female personality.
Dependency ( Dpndn ) shows a strong association with a coefcient of
1.72, indicating that this trait has a considerable inuence on female
personality according to this model. The borderline trait ( Limit ) also
shows a signicant positive relationship, with a coefcient of 1.73, similar
to that of Dependency.
Finally, the avoidance trait ( Evtcn ) has the highest coefcient of 2.52,
indicating that it is the trait most strongly related to female personality in
this model. This demonstrates that avoidance is a dominant component of
female personality structure according to this analysis.
In summary, the SEM model provides a detailed view of how various
personality traits relate to the latent construct of female personality.
Avoidant personality emerges as the most strongly associated trait,
followed by borderline, dependent, narcissistic, schizoid, antisocial, and
nally paranoid traits. These ndings may be fundamental to better
understanding the dynamics of female personality and developing
effective interventions in clinical and rehabilitation settings.
Discussion
Among the reasons for arrest in the MPL is illicit trafcking of
controlled substances, which is related to socioeconomic circumstances
such as poverty. In interviews, most agree that the alibi worked for those
who forced them to join this organized crime network related to drug
trafcking.
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In Latin America, the main crime in which women are involved
is trafcking in psychotropic substances (Center for Legal and Social
Studies, 2011 ), the so-called mules would tend to introverted behavior,
a characteristic dimension in people in whom avoidant and dependent
traits prevail, which were positively associated with the personality of the
MPL in the present research.
Contrary to what was stated in the previous paragraph, Pieters et
al. (2018) state that women with a high level of openness to experience
are more vulnerable to becoming involved in criminal activities due to
their search for new experiences and adventures. These results coincide
with those reported by Kalsoom & Gul (2020), who found that borderline,
histrionic, and narcissistic personality traits are associated with the
commission of assaults, sexual abuse, murders, arsons, and theft.
On the other hand, Molina et al. (2022) agree with the results reported
in this research on the high scores on paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
personality traits in MPL, which are related to distrust, suspicion, and
social withdrawal; they also establish the schizotypal trait as a risk factor
for reoffending after a period of deprivation of liberty in women.
Likewise, the borderline trait, on which a strong association with the
feminine personality was found in the MPL who were part of the study, is
prevalent and is associated with risk behaviors for the contagion of the
Human Immunodeciency Virus (Adams et al., 2016), family dysfunction
(Malik & Majeed, 2023) and substance use before, during and after the
period of deprivation of liberty in this population (Loyola et al., 2022).
Regarding the antisocial personality trait, whose average was low in
this research, Molina et al. (2023) indicate that the MPL who participated
in their study presented high scores in it, especially those who belonged
to maximum security wards and who presented behaviors characterized
by lack of remorse, emotional insensitivity, and manipulation; in addition,
Shahid & Mujeeba (2022) report that this trait is associated with the
probability of reoffending.
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A study by Day et al. (2017) indicated that women with low
agreeableness are more likely to participate in criminal activities due to
their lower empathy and greater willingness to act selshly, which allows
quick attention to be drawn to this type of conduct and behaviors that are
related to the ease with which they carry out acts that go against what is
socially accepted.
BPD is characterized by emotional instability, impulsivity, and
chaotic interpersonal relationships. Women with this disorder may have
a greater tendency to commit crimes due to their impulsiveness and
difculty managing stress. This type of misconduct, in female inmates,
usually presents several situations that deteriorate behavior, such as
repeated escapes from their homes or domiciles. Borderline personality
disorder or emotional instability is related. The questionnaire on antisocial
and criminal behaviors already mentions some events that may be related
to borderline personality traits. This is also mentioned in the study by
Black et al. (2007), which indicates that Borderline Personality Disorder is
prevalent among women in prisons and is associated with impulsive and
self-destructive behaviors, which can lead to criminal activities. Avoidant
people also have some particularities such as repressions in terms of
thought, desire, among other characteristics, which can trigger patterns
of behavior or paranoid personality traits, according to Coid et al. (2009),
Paranoid Personality Disorder is relatively common among women in
prisons, and is associated with defensive and aggressive behaviors. A
study by Warren and South (2009) suggests that women with Dependent
Personality Disorder in prisons can be easily exploited by other inmates
or criminal networks, participating in crimes due to their need for
approval and fear of abandonment. Finally, when referring to narcissistic
personality disorder, it is the most predominant one in women deprived
of liberty, presenting behaviors related to manipulation, coercion, etc. As
cited by Dolan and Blackburn (2006), Narcissistic Personality Disorder
is less common than APD and BPD in women deprived of liberty, but
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when present, it is associated with crimes motivated by exploitation and
manipulation.
The assessment of personality proles in incarcerated women
has shown that therapeutic intervention must consider individual
characteristics to be effective (Hare et al., 2022). A recent study shows
that rehabilitation programs that include cognitive-behavioral therapy
and social skills training can signicantly reduce antisocial behaviors
and improve social reintegration (Linehan et al., 2023). Furthermore,
social support and group therapy have been found to play a crucial role
in reducing recidivism and improving the psychological well-being of
incarcerated women ( Yoon et al., 2023).
Conclusion
Structural analysis of the personality of women deprived of liberty
reveals that avoidance is the dominant trait, with a signicant inuence
on their behavior and attitudes. This trait suggests a tendency to avoid
stressful situations or confrontations, which could be related to previous
experiences of trauma or stress.
Furthermore, dependency and borderline traits also show
considerable inuence. Dependency indicates a high need for external
support and validation, while borderline traits reect unstable emotional
regulation and difculties in interpersonal relationships. These traits can
be exacerbated by the incarceration environment, affecting adaptation
and behavior in the prison context.
Narcissistic and schizoid traits are less prevalent, but still relevant.
The former may be related to an inated self-image and the pursuit
of admiration, while the schizoid trait may reect a tendency toward
introspection and isolation. Although less prominent, these traits
contribute to the complexity of the personality prole.
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Finally , antisocial and paranoid personality traits also play a role in
the personality structure of these women, with the paranoid trait showing
a strong association with the latent construct. This suggests that mistrust
and suspicion are key elements in their psychological prole.
In conclusion, avoidance, dependency, and borderline personality
traits are the most prevalent in incarcerated women. These ndings are
crucial for the development of interventions and support programs, as
they provide a detailed understanding of the psychological characteristics
that inuence their behavior and adaptation in the prison environment.
Future research on the personality of women in prison could focus
on deepening our understanding of the dominant traits identied in this
study. A promising line of research would be to explore how the avoidance
trait develops and manifests in the prison context, assessing its causes
and effects on these women’s behavior and well-being. Investigating the
experiences of trauma and stress prior to incarceration could provide a
clearer view of how these factors contribute to the prevalence of avoidance.
Another area of interest could be the study of the inuence of
dependency and borderline traits on relationship dynamics within
penitentiary institutions. Analyzing how dependency affects the formation
of interpersonal relationships and access to resources and support within
the prison environment could help develop more effective strategies
for managing these needs. Similarly, investigating how borderline trait
characteristics impact adaptation and social interaction in prison can
offer valuable information for designing interventions that foster better
emotional regulation and more stable relationships.
Furthermore, it would be benecial to investigate the relationship
between narcissistic and schizoid traits and behavior and adjustment in
the prison environment. Evaluating how these traits inuence self-image
and the ability to form meaningful connections could contribute to a more
complete understanding of the challenges these women face.
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Finally, future research could explore the inuence of antisocial
and paranoid traits on group dynamics and security within correctional
institutions. Understanding how mistrust and antisocial behaviors affect
coexistence and risk management could provide a basis for developing
strategies to improve safety and well-being in prison settings.
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Análisis estructural de la personalidad de mujeres privadas de la
libertad y sus rasgos dominantes 600 - 600
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Vanessa Quito, Andrés Ramírez
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Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 49 -49
Copyright (c) 2025 Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé,
González González Camila Raquel, Matute Aguiar Joselyn Nayeli, Rodríguez Ver-
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