Risk factors related to sleep
bruxism in children and adolescents.
A sistematic review
Factores de riesgo del bruxismo en niños y
adolescentes. Una revisión sistemática
Celena del Carmen Leon Ramon 1, Alexis Jasiel Valarezo Feijoo 2, Paola Alexandra Ordoñez Crespo 3
1 Dentistry student at the Catholic University of Cuenca:
celena.leon.92@est.ucacue.edu.ec: Azogues, Ecuador.
2 Student of the Dentistry Degree at the Catholic University of Cuenca:
alexis.valarezo.81@est.ucacue.edu.ec: Azogues, Ecuador.
3 Pediatric Orthodontic Specialist. Professor of the Dentistry Program at the Catholic University
pordonezc@ucacue.edu.ec: Azogues, Ecuador.
How to cite:
León Ramón, C. del C. ., Valarezo Feijoo, A. J. ., & Ordoñez Crespo, P. A. . (2025). Risk factors related to
sleep bruxism in children and adolescents. A scoping review. Revista MultidisciplinariaInvestigación
Contemporánea. 3(2) 148-175. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Article Information
Received: 03-01-2025
Accepted: 26-03-2025
Published: 01-07-2025
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Conicts of Interest
No conicts of interest are declared.
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Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 49 -49
Copyright (c) 2025 Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé,
González González Camila Raquel, Matute Aguiar Joselyn Nayeli, Rodríguez Ver-
dugo Alejandra Valentina.
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Original article. Revista MultidisciplinariaInvestigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 148 - 175. July-December, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 32 -49
Artículo Caso clínico. Revista multidisciplinaria investigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 32 - 49. julio-diciembre, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
Leucemia de células dendríticas
plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico
de un caso
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y
diagnóstico de un caso
Información del artículo:
Recibido: 05-12-2024
Aceptado: 21-02-2025
Publicado: 01-07-2025
Nota del editor:
REDLIC se mantiene neutral con respecto a
reclamos jurisdiccionales en mensajes publi-
cados y aliaciones institucionales.
Editorial:
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Contemporánea (REDLIC) www.editorialredlic.com
Fuentes de nanciamiento:
La investigación fue realizada con recursos propios.
Conictos de interés:
No presentan conicto de intereses.
Este texto está protegido por una licencia Creative Commons 4.0.
Usted es libre para Compartir —copiar y redistribuir el material en cual-
quier medio o formato— y Adaptar el documento —remezclar, transformar
y crear a partir del material— para cualquier propósito, incluso para nes
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Atribución: Usted debe dar crédito a la obra original de manera adecuada,
proporcionar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios.
Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugie-
ra que tiene el apoyo del licenciante o lo recibe por el uso que hace de la obra
1 Docente Investigador; pedro.faican@ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
2 Estudiante; ibelice.dutan.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
3 Estudiante; camila.gonzalez.66@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
4 Estudiante; joselyn.matute.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
5 Estudiante; alejandra.rodriguez.60@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando 1, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé 2, González González Camila
Raquel 3, Matute Aguiar Joselyn Nayeli 4, Rodríguez Verdugo Alejandra Valentina 5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Cómo citar:
Faican Rocano, P. . F., Dután Pérez, I. S. ., González González, C. R. ., Rodríguez Verdugo, A. V. ., & Matute Aguiar, J.
N. . (2025). Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico de un caso.
Revista Multidisci-
plinaria Investigación Contemporánea
, 3(2), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Artículo original. Revista multidisciplinaria investigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 148 - 175. julio-diciembre, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
Factores de riesgo relacionados
al bruxismo del sueño en niños y
adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A Scoping Review
Información del artículo:
Recibido: 03-01-2025
Aceptado: 26-03-2025
Publicado: 01-07-2025
Nota del editor:
REDLIC se mantiene neutral con respecto a
reclamos jurisdiccionales en mensajes publi-
cados y aliaciones institucionales.
Editorial:
Red Editorial Latinoamericana de Investigación
Contemporánea (REDLIC) www.editorialredlic.com
Fuentes de nanciamiento:
La investigación fue realizada con recursos propios.
Conictos de interés:
No presentan conicto de intereses.
Este texto está protegido por una licencia Creative Commons 4.0.
Usted es libre para Compartir —copiar y redistribuir el material en cual-
quier medio o formato— y Adaptar el documento —remezclar, transformar
y crear a partir del material— para cualquier propósito, incluso para nes
comerciales, siempre que cumpla la condición de:
Atribución: Usted debe dar crédito a la obra original de manera adecuada,
proporcionar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios.
Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugie-
ra que tiene el apoyo del licenciante o lo recibe por el uso que hace de la obra
1 Estudiante de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Campus Azogues.
celena.leon.92@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues-Ecuador.
2 Estudiante de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca campus Azogues.
alexis.valarezo.81@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues-Ecuador.
3 Especialista Orto-Odontopediatría. Docente de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca
campus Azogues. pordonezc@ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues-Ecuador.
Celena del Carmén León Ramón 1, Alexis Jasiel Valarezo Feijoo 2
Paola Alexandra Ordoñez Crespo 3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Cómo citar:
León Ramón, C. del C. ., Valarezo Feijoo, A. J. ., & Ordoñez Crespo, P. A. . (2025). Factores de riesgo relacionados al
bruxismo del sueño en niños y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance. Revista Multidisciplinaria Investigación
Contemporánea, 3(2) 148-175. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
149-175
Abstract
Introduction: sleep bruxism in children and adolescents is a multifactorial
disorder that integrates genetic, emotional, physiological and environmental factors.
Aim: to systematically map available studies on risk factors associated with sleep
bruxism in children and adolescents. Methodology: This scoping review included 13
observational studies to systematically map risk factors related to bruxism. Eligibility
criteria were articulated to the PCC framework (population, concept, context). Results:
The inuence of genetic predisposition, emotional stress, physiological conditions
(such as gastro-oesophageal reux) and socio-environmental variables such as family
dynamics and exposure to electronic devices are highlighted. In addition, disparities
were detected in subgroups, such as children with developmental problems or those
inuenced by recent social transformations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion:
Hereditary susceptibility, neurological abnormalities, emotional stress and inadequate
sleep environments are among the most important determinants. Despite advances in
the understanding of this disorder, signicant gaps remain in the literature, in terms of
longitudinal research and specic subpopulations.
KEYWORDS: risk factors, sleep bruxism, children, adolescents, review.
Resumen
Introducción: bruxismo del sueño en niños y adolescentes es un trastorno
multifactorial que integra factores genéticos, emocionales, siológicos y ambientales.
Objetivo: mapear sistemáticamente los estudios disponibles sobre los factores de riesgo
asociados al bruxismo del sueño en niños y adolescentes. Metodología: Esta revisión de
alcance incluyó 13 estudios observacionales para mapear sistemáticamente los factores
de riesgo relacionados con el bruxismo. Los criterios de elegibilidad se articularon al
marco PCC (población, concepto, contexto). Resultados: Se destaca la inuencia de la
predisposición genética, la tensión emocional, las condiciones siológicas (como el
reujo gastroesofágico) y las variables socioambientales, como la dinámica familiar y la
exposición a dispositivos electrónicos.
Además, se detectaron disparidades en los subgrupos, como los niños con
problemas de desarrollo o aquellos inuenciados por las transformaciones sociales
recientes, como la pandemia de la COVID-19. Conclusión: Entre los determinantes más
importantes se encuentran la susceptibilidad hereditaria, las anomalías neurológicas,
la tensión emocional y los entornos de sueño inadecuados. A pesar de los avances en la
comprensión de este trastorno, sigue habiendo considerables vacíos en la literatura, en lo
que respecta a las investigaciones longitudinales y a subpoblaciones especícas.
PALABRAS CLAVES: factores de riesgo, bruxismo del sueño, niños, adolescentes, revisión.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
150-175
1. Introduction
Sleep bruxism (SB), a widely studied orofacial disorder, has a
signicant impact on children and adolescents, with studies suggesting a
higher prevalence in these age groups compared to adults, which could be
attributed to neurodevelopmental and physiological factors .(1)
The disorder is characterized by involuntary jaw movements during
sleep, resulting in tooth attrition, muscle discomfort and decreased
quality of life; however, research has identied no signicant differences
in quality of life metrics between pediatric and adolescent populations
with and without bruxism(2). In addition, genetic factors have been
implicated in the etiology of bruxism, indicating a genetic predisposition
to its development; stress and psychological disorders are also recognized
as crucial contributing factors, highlighting the complex interplay of
psychological and physiological components in the manifestation of the
disorder .(3)
Therefore, the impact of sleep bruxism goes beyond dental health,
because it is associated with elevated frequencies of arousal during
sleep, which can correlate with attention and behavioral problems
in children(1). In addition, sleep bruxism has been associated with
cardiovascular complications and headache, underscoring its potential
systemic implications(4) . Therefore, early identication of risk factors is
imperative to avoid serious repercussions for oral and general health .(5)
Identication of risk factors for sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents is critical due to the different physiological and psychological
characteristics of these age groups compared to adults. In this regard,
research indicates that central nervous system hyperactivity is a
signicant factor, with studies showing that children with high levels of
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
151-175
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 151 - 175
como un alto sentido de responsabilidad, son más propensos a desarrollar
bruxismo del sueño (6).
Adicionalmente, los factores ambientales y sociales, como la dinámi-
ca familiar y la exposición al estrés, se han identicado como inuyentes, ya
que los niños que experimentan más estrés en sus entornos están en mayor
riesgo (7). Además, el bruxismo del sueño en los niños se asocia con un au-
mento de la excitación durante el sueño, lo que puede conducir a problemas
de atención y conducta durante el día, destacando el impacto del trastorno
en el funcionamiento cognitivo y conductual (1). La información anamnéti-
ca, como la presencia de los trastornos otorrinolaringológicos y respiratorios,
así como hábitos orales como el uso de chupete, también juega un papel en
la predicción del bruxismo del sueño, lo que sugiere que los médicos deben
considerar estos factores durante las evaluaciones (8). Además, los patrones
de sueño alterados, como la hora tardía de acostarse y la deuda del sueño,
están relacionados con niveles aumentados de biomarcadores inamatorios,
lo que indica que una mala higiene del sueño puede exacerbar la inamación
sistémica y potencialmente contribuir al desarrollo del bruxismo del sueño
(9).
A pesar del progreso realizado en la investigación del bruxismo del sue-
ño, existen numerosas deciencias en la literatura académica que impiden
una comprensión completa de los factores de riesgo relacionados con este
trastorno entre las poblaciones de niños y adolescentes. En consecuencia, es
imprescindible examinar la evidencia existente para delinear los conceptos
fundamentales y orientar las próximas investigaciones sobre este tema com-
plejo. Por lo cual, la revisión de alcance se realizó con el propósito de mapear
sistemáticamente los estudios disponibles sobre los factores de riesgo aso-
ciados al bruxismo del sueño en niños y adolescentes, con el n de identicar
conceptos claves, patrones y lagunas en el conocimiento existente.
stress and certain personality traits, such as a high sense of responsibility,
are more likely to develop sleep bruxism . (6)
Additionally, environmental and social factors, such as family
dynamics and exposure to stress, have been identied as inuential, with
children who experience more stress in their environments being at greater
risk(7) . In addition, sleep bruxism in children is associated with increased
arousal during sleep, which can lead to attention and behavioral problems
during the day, highlighting the impact of the disorder on cognitive and
behavioral functioning(1) . Anamnestic information, such as the presence
of ENT and respiratory disorders, as well as oral habits such as pacier
use, also play a role in predicting sleep bruxism, suggesting that clinicians
should consider these factors during evaluations(8) . In addition, altered
sleep patterns, such as late bedtime and sleep debt, are associated with
increased levels of inammatory biomarkers, indicating that poor sleep
hygiene may exacerbate systemic inammation and potentially contribute
to the development of sleep bruxism . (9)
Despite the progress made in sleep bruxism research, there are
numerous deciencies in the academic literature that prevent a complete
understanding of the risk factors related to this disorder among child
and adolescent populations. Consequently, it is imperative to examine
the existing evidence to delineate the fundamental concepts and guide
further research on this complex topic. Hence, the scoping review was
conducted with the purpose of systematically mapping available studies
on risk factors associated with sleep bruxism in children and adolescents
in order to identify key concepts, patterns, and gaps in existing knowledge.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
152-175
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Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 152 - 175
2. Metodología
Se llevó a cabo una revisión del alcance de acuerdo con las directrices deli-
neadas en el Manual del Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) para la síntesis de evi-
dencia y la extensión PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) (10).
Los criterios de elegibilidad se articularon utilizando el marco del PCC
(población, concepto, contexto). La población considerada comprendía niños
y adolescentes de 0 a 18 años de edad. El concepto abarca los factores de ries-
go relacionados con el bruxismo del sueño, incluidos los determinantes sio-
lógicos, genéticos, psicológicos, sociales y ambientales. El contexto abarcaba
los estudios realizados en diversos entornos clínicos, comunitarios o pobla-
cionales, sin restricciones geográcas o de idioma. Por lo tanto, la pregunta
de investigación resultante fue: ¿Qué se sabe en la literatura cientíca acerca
de los factores de riesgo (concepto) relacionados con el bruxismo del sueño
(contexto) en niños y adolescentes (población)?
Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos electróni-
cas PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, complementada con búsquedas ma-
nuales de literatura gris y citas de artículos pertinentes. Para formular las
estrategias de búsqueda, que se adaptaron a las especicaciones de cada base
de datos, se utilizaron las palabras clave y los términos del MeSH/DeCS: “bru-
xismo del sueño”, “Sleep Bruxism”, “factores de riesgo”, “Risk Factors”, “niños”,
“Child”, “adolescentes”, “Adolescent”. La ecuación de búsqueda resultante
fue: ((“bruxismo del sueño” OR “Sleep Bruxism”) AND (“factores de riesgo” OR
“Risk Factors”) AND (“niños” OR “Child” OR “adolescentes” OR “Adolescent”))
Para la selección de los documentos se priorizó estudios observacio-
nales que expusieran la relación entre el bruxismo y los factores de riesgo,
sin distinción de idioma, ubicación geográca, tiempo, pero debían ser ma-
nuscritos de acceso completo. Se excluyeron aquellos estudios que fueran
revisiones de la literatura, no fueron realizados en niños o adolescentes y
aquellos en que la temática no se relacionaba con el bruxismo del sueño o sus
2. Methodology
A scoping review was conducted according to the guidelines outlined
in the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Manual for Evidence Synthesis and
PRISMA-ScR extension (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews
and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) . (10)
Eligibility criteria were articulated using the PCC framework
(population, concept, context). The population considered comprised
children and adolescents aged 0-18 years. The concept encompassed
risk factors related to sleep bruxism, including physiological, genetic,
psychological, social, and environmental determinants. The context
encompassed studies conducted in a variety of clinical, community,
or population settings, with no geographic or language restrictions.
Therefore, the resulting research question was: What is known in the
scientic literature about risk factors (concept) related to sleep bruxism
(context) in children and adolescents (population)?
A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science
electronic databases was carried out, complemented by manual searches
of gray literature and citations of relevant articles. To formulate the search
strategies, which were adapted to the specications of each database, the
following keywords and MeSH/DeCS terms were used: “bruxismo del
sueño”, “Sleep Bruxism”, “factores de riesgo”, “Risk Factors”, “niños”, “Child”,
“adolescentes”, “Adolescent”. The resulting search equation was: ((“sleep
bruxism” OR “Sleep Bruxism”) AND (“risk factors” OR “Risk Factors”) AND
(“children” OR “Child” OR “adolescents” OR “Adolescent”)).
For the selection of papers, priority was given to observational
studies that showed the relationship between bruxism and risk factors,
regardless of language, geographical location, time, but they had to be
full-access manuscripts. Studies that were literature reviews, were not
conducted in children or adolescents and those in which the subject
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 153 - 175
factores de riesgo. Dando como resultado 13 artículos que se incluyeron en la
investigación (Véase Figura 1).
Los estudios identicados se importaron a un software de gestión de
referencias y los duplicados se eliminaron sistemáticamente. Posteriormen-
te, dos revisores independientes (C.L y A.V) realizaron una selección de los
títulos y resúmenes, seguida de una revisión exhaustiva del texto completo
para determinar la inclusión nal de los artículos. Cualquier discrepancia se
resolvió mediante un debate o consultando a un tercer revisor (P.O).
Figura 1.
Diagrama de ujo de la búsqueda sistemática
Nota. Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de la búsqueda sistemática
IDENTIFICACIÓN
Número de registros identificados
mediante la búsqueda en la base de
datos
SCOPUS=92 ;WoS=71 ;PubMed=67
(n= 230)
Número de registros duplicados
(n=87)
Número de registros cribados
(n=47)
Número de registros excluidos por no
cumplir los criterios de Inclusión/Exclusión
(n=96)
IDONEIDAD
Número de registro de texto completo
evaluados para su elegibilidad
(n=13)
Número de artículos de texto completo
excluidos después de la lectura de titulo y
resumen
(n=34)
Número de estudios incluidos en la
síntesis cualitativa
(n=13)
Número de estudios incluidos en la
síntesis cuantitativa
(n=0)
CRIBADOINCLUSIÓN
INCLUSIÓN IDONEIDAD CRIBADO IDENTIFICACIÓN
matter was not related to sleep bruxism or its risk factors were excluded.
As a result, 13 articles were included in the research (See Figure 1).
The identied studies were imported into reference management
software and duplicates were systematically removed. Subsequently, two
independent reviewers (C.L and A.V) screened the titles and abstracts,
followed by a thorough review of the full text to determine the nal
inclusion of articles. Any discrepancies were resolved by discussion or by
consulting a third reviewer (P.O).
Figure 1.
Flow chart of the systematic search.
Note: Source: Prepared by the authors based on a systematic search.
Number of records screened
(n=47)
Number of full-text records
evaluated for eligibility
(n=13)
Number of studies included in the
quantitative synthesis (n=0)
Number of studies included in the
qualitative synthesis (n=13
Number of records excluded for not
meeting the Inclusion/Exclusion
criteria (n=96)
Number of duplicate records
(n=87)
Number of records identied by
searching the database
SCOPUS=92 ;WoS=71 ;PubMed=67
(n= 230)
Number of full-text articles excluded
after title reading and summary
(n=34)
Number of records after removing duplicate citations
(n=143)
SCREENING INCLUSION ID
SUITABILITY
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
154-175
Relevant data were extracted using a predened form that included
information on the study design, population, risk factors assessed,
methodologies for diagnosing sleep bruxism, and main results. The data
were synthesized descriptively, systematically mapping the evidence
according to risk factor categories and clarifying existing knowledge gaps.
The analysis incorporated a narrative synthesis to elucidate key
ndings, delineating patterns and trends present in the existing literature.
No formal assessment of risk of bias or methodological quality was
conducted, as this is not mandatory for scoping reviews. The results are
presented in tables for ease of interpretation, and include comprehensive
details on study characteristics and geographic distribution.
3. Results
In Table 1, it can be seen that the research included in this review
demonstrates a signicant prevalence of sleep bruxism among pediatric
and adolescent populations, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the
associated risk factors, which encompass physiological, behavioral, and
environmental dimensions.
Gonçalves et al.(11) documented a prevalence rate of 43% among
school-aged children, correlating this phenomenon with hereditary
predispositions and respiratory complications, while Serra-Negra et
al.(12) highlighted the importance of parafunctional activities, such as
dental wear and lip incompetence, as key factors.
In addition, Ferreira-Bacci et al.(13) established a connection
between psychological disorders and bruxism, identifying stress as a
substantial factor requiring interdisciplinary intervention, particularly
in children showing distinct behavioral traits. These ndings accentuate
the need for a more holistic clinical and psychological evaluation aimed
at elucidating the etiology of sleep bruxism in the pediatric demographic.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
155-175
In contrast, factors that correlate with bruxism in at-risk populations
or in individuals with specic conditions have been thoroughly examined
in the literature. De Souza et al.(14) identied signicant correlations
between bruxism and gastroesophageal reux as well as involuntary
movements in children diagnosed with developmental disabilities(15),
while Souza et al.(16) claried that habits such as sucking and cross-
biting signicantly increase susceptibility to bruxism in adolescents,
independent of cognitive functioning.
So too, contemporary research by Laganá et al.(17) has claried the
connections between bruxism and variables related to sleep-disordered
breathing, including oral breathing and snoring. In this context, the
ndings underscore the need for personalized intervention strategies
that respond to the unique circumstances prevailing in each population
subgroup .(18)
Ultimately, longitudinal and retrospective investigations provide
invaluable information on uctuations in the prevalence of sleep bruxism,
as well as its association with environmental and technological inuences.
Delima et al.(19) demonstrated a marked increase in bruxism cases
during the COVID-19 pandemic, and attributed this increase to increased
access to electronic devices and inadequate parental education, while
Bahammam(20) emphasized the validation of specic questionnaires
aimed at improving diagnostic accuracy among adolescents. Marceliano
and Gaviã(21) illustrated the association between biological rhythm
disturbances and behaviors such as nighttime teeth clenching with
bruxism, while Emodi-Perlman et al.(8) emphasized the predictive
importance of anamnestic factors, including oral breathing(22) , in the
context of bruxism. These ndings reinforce the critical importance
of integrating more rened diagnostic tools and preventive measures
to effectively address the multifaceted dimensions of this condition in
diverse settings.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
156-175
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 156 - 175
efectiva las dimensiones multifacéticas de esta afección en diversos escena-
rios.
Tabla 1
Caracterización de los documentos incluidos en el estudio
Autor Título Año Objetivo del
estudio
Tipo de
estudio Muestra Puntos de resul-
tados
Gonçalves
et al. (11)
Variables associa-
ted with bruxism
in children and
adolescents
2009
Evaluar las va-
riables asociadas
al bruxismo y su
prevalencia en
escolares y ado-
lescentes de 4 a
16 años de edad.
Transversal
y descriptivo.
680 escolares, con
edades compren-
didas entre 4 y 16
años, selecciona-
dos aleatoriamen-
te de 19 escuelas
públicas de Brasi-
lia, Brasil.
Prevalencia de
bruxismo del 43%;
factores asociados
incluyen herencia,
problemas respira-
torios, dolores de
cabeza y tempera-
mento inquieto; no
hubo diferencias
por género.
Serra-Negra
et al. (12)
Signs, symptoms,
parafunctions and
associated factors
of parent reported
sleep bruxism in
children: A case
control study
2012
Investigar la
asociación entre
signos y síntomas
clínicos, parafun-
ciones, y factores
asociados del
bruxismo del
sueño en niños.
Caso control
360 niños, con 120
niños diagnostica-
dos con bruxismo
del sueño y 240 ni-
ños sin la afección,
según lo informa-
do por sus padres.
Los niños tenían
8 años y fueron
seleccionados de
escuelas públicas
y privadas de Belo
Horizonte, MG,
Brasil.
Asociación signi-
cativa entre bru-
xismo del sueño
y parafunciones
como desgaste
dental y apretar
dientes; factores
físicos como in-
competencia labial
y dolor muscular
son prevalentes.
Table 1
Characterization of the documents included in the study
Signs, symptoms,
parafunctions, and
associated factors
of parent-reported
sleep bruxism in
children: A case-
control study.
To investigate the
association between
clinical signs
and symptoms,
parafunctions, and
associated factors
of sleep bruxism in
children.
Case
control
To evaluate
the variables
associated with
bruxism and its
prevalence in
schoolchildren
and adolescents
aged 4 to 16
years
Cross-
sectional
and
descriptive
680
schoolchildren,
aged between
4 and 16 years,
randomly
selected from 19
public schools in
Brasilia, Brazil.
360 children,
with 120
children
diagnosed with
sleep bruxism
and 240 children
without the
condition, as
reported by
their parents.
The children
were 8 years
old and were
selected
from public
and private
schools in Belo
Horizonte, MG,
Brazil.
Prevalence of
bruxism was 43%;
associated factors
included heredity,
respiratory
problems,
headaches,
and restless
temperament;
there were no
differences by
gender.
Signicant
association
between sleep
bruxism and
parafunctions
such as tooth
wear and teeth
clenching; physical
factors such as lip
incompetence and
muscle pain are
prevalent.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
157-175
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 157 - 175
Ferreira-
Bacci et al.
(13)
Behavioral
problems and
emotional stress
in children with
bruxism
2012
Evaluar el perl
conductual de un
grupo de niños
diagnosticados
con bruxismo,
enfocándose
en la relación
entre problemas
conductuales y
emocionales y
la ocurrencia de
este padecimien-
to.
Obser-
vacional,
Transversal y
descriptivo.
Ochenta niños
de 7 a 11 años, con
una edad media
de 8.8 años, que
buscaban aten-
ción odontológica
de rutina en la
Clínica de Odon-
tología Pediátrica
de la Escuela
de Odontología
Ribeirao Preto,
Universidad de
Sao Paulo, Brasil.
El 82.76% de los ni-
ños con bruxismo
presentan trastor-
nos psicológicos;
destaca relación
con estrés y necesi-
dad de evaluación
psicológica.
de Souza et
al. (14)
Factors associa-
ted with bruxism
in children with
developmental
disabilities
2015
Investigar los fac-
tores asociados al
bruxismo en ni-
ños de 1 a 13 años
que presentan
discapacidades
del desarrollo.
Obser-
vacional,
Transversal y
descriptivo.
389 registros
dentales de niños
de 1 a 13 años con
discapacidades
del desarrollo,
especícamente
parálisis cerebral
y discapacidad
intelectual.
Factores asocia-
dos al bruxismo
incluyen reujo
gastroesofágico,
movimientos
involuntarios y
género femenino;
subraya relevancia
en discapacidades
del desarrollo.
Meyer y Oli-
veira (15)
Sleep Bruxism
and Orthodontic
Appliance among
Children and
Adolescents: A Pre-
liminary Study
2016
Evaluar la
asociación entre
el bruxismo del
sueño y el trata-
miento de orto-
doncia en niños y
adolescentes.
Retrospecti-
vo transver-
sal, descrip-
tivo
El estudio incluyó
un total de 66
participantes,
consistentes en 44
niños sometidos
a tratamiento de
ortodoncia y 22
niños en espera de
tratamiento.
El 27.3% de los pa-
cientes en espera
de ortodoncia tie-
nen bruxismo del
sueño; ortodoncia
interceptiva redu-
ce la prevalencia
al 75%.
To evaluate
the behavioral
prole of
a group of
children
diagnosed
with bruxism,
focusing on the
relationship
between
behavioral
and emotional
problems and
the occurrence
of this
condition.
Observational,
cross-
sectional, and
descriptive.
Eighty children
aged 7 to 11
years, with
a mean age
of 8.8 years,
seeking routine
dental care at
the Pediatric
Dentistry
Clinic of the
Ribeirao
Preto School
of Dentistry,
University of
Sao Paulo,
Brazil.
82.76% of children
with bruxism have
psychological
disorders; there
is a notable
relationship
with stress and
the need for
psychological
evaluation.
To investigate the
factors associated
with bruxism in
children aged 1
to 13 years with
developmental
disabilities.
Observational,
cross-sectional,
and descriptive.
389 dental
records of
children aged
1 to 13 with
developmental
disabilities,
specically
cerebral
palsy and
intellectual
disability.
To evaluate
the association
between sleep
bruxism and
orthodontic
treatment in
children and
adolescents.
Factors
associated with
bruxism include
gastroesophageal
reux, involuntary
movements, and
female gender;
emphasizes
relevance in
developmental
disabilities.
Retrospective,
cross-sectional,
descriptive
The study
included a
total of 66
participants,
consisting of
44 children
undergoing
orthodontic
treatment and
22 children
awaiting
treatment.
27.3% of patients
awaiting
orthodontic
treatment have
sleep bruxism;
interceptive
orthodontics
reduces the
prevalence to 75%.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
158-175
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 158 - 175
Sousa et al.
(16)
Prevalence and
associated factors
to sleep bruxism in
adolescents from
Teresina, Piauí
2018
Identicar la
prevalencia y los
factores asocia-
dos a la mani-
festación clínica
del bruxismo del
sueño (SB) en
niños con y sin
deterioro cogniti-
vo.
Estudio ob-
servacional,
descriptivo
180 individuos.
Estos individuos
se dividieron en
tres grupos: El
Grupo 1 incluyó
a aquellos sin
deterioro cogni-
tivo, el Grupo 2
estuvo compuesto
por individuos
con síndrome de
Down, y el Grupo
3 consistió en
individuos con
parálisis cerebral.
Prevalencia de
bruxismo del
sueño del 23%;
hábitos como
succión y mordida
cruzada aumentan
su probabilidad.
Laganà et al.
(17)
Sleep bruxism and
sdb in albanian
growing subjects:
A cross sectional
study
2021
Evaluar la
correlación
entre el bruxismo
del sueño y los
factores de riesgo
para desarrollar
el síndrome de
apnea obstruc-
tiva del sueño
(SAOS) en una
muestra de suje-
tos albaneses en
crecimiento.
Observacio-
nal, Trans-
versal
310 sujetos, los
cuales incluyeron
173 mujeres y 137
varones.
Prevalencia de
bruxismo del
sueño del 41.3%;
correlación con
respiración oral,
ronquidos y sudo-
ración nocturna.
de Almeida
et al. (18)
Prevalence of
Sleep Bruxism
Reported by Pa-
rents/Caregivers
in a Portuguese
Pediatric Dentistry
Service: A Retros-
pective Study
2022
Determinar la
prevalencia de
bruxismo del
sueño (SB) en
una muestra de
pacientes pediá-
tricos que asisten
al Servicio de
Odontología
Pediátrica de
Lisboa.
Observacio-
nal retros-
pectivo
385 pacientes.
Prevalencia del
17.6% en niños;
disminuye con la
edad; necesidad de
sensibilización en
padres.
To identify the
prevalence
and factors
associated with
the clinical
manifestation
of sleep
bruxism (SB) in
children with
and without
cognitive
impairment.
Observational,
descriptive
study
180 individuals.
These
individuals
were divided
into three
groups: Group
1 included
those without
cognitive
impairment,
Group 2
consisted of
individuals with
Down syndrome,
and Group 3
consisted of
individuals with
cerebral palsy.
Prevalence of
sleep bruxism of
23%; habits such
as sucking and
crossbite increase its
likelihood.
To evaluate
the
correlation
between sleep
bruxism and
risk factors for
developing
obstructive
sleep apnea
syndrome
(OSAS) in
a sample
of growing
Albanian
subjects.
Observational,
Cross-sectional
310 subjects,
including 173
females and 137
males.
Prevalence of
sleep bruxism of
41.3%; correlation
with mouth
breathing,
snoring, and night
sweats.
To determine
the prevalence
of sleep
bruxism (SB)
in a sample
of pediatric
patients
attending
the Pediatric
Dentistry
Service in
Lisbon.
Retrospective
observational 385 patients.
Prevalence of
17.6% in children;
decreases with age;
need for awareness
among parents.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
159-175
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 159 - 175
Delima et al.
(19)
Impact of the CO-
VID19 pandemic
on sleep quality
and sleep bruxism
in children eight to
ten years of age
2022
Determinar el
impacto de la
pandemia de
COVID19 en la
calidad del sueño
y la posible
ocurrencia de
bruxismo del
sueño (SB) en
niños de ocho a
diez años.
Estudio de
cohorte lon-
gitudinal.
105 niños de ocho
a diez años. La
muestra se derivó
de un estudio
transversal previo,
donde inicialmen-
te se contactó a
739 niños, y tras
los intentos de
localizarlos, 105
niños participaron
en la evaluación
longitudinal.
Aumento del
bruxismo del
sueño durante la
pandemia; asocia-
do a dispositivos
electrónicos y bajo
nivel educativo
parental.
Bahammam
(20)
Validation of Sleep
Bruxism Ques-
tionnaire Toward
the Experience
of Jaw Pain and
Limitation of
Jaw Movement
in Saudi Arabian
Adolescents
2022
Validar el
cuestionario de
bruxismo del
sueño, especíca-
mente relativo a
la experiencia de
dolor de mandí-
bula y limitación
del movimiento
de la mandíbula
en adolescentes
saudíes de 10 a 19
años de edad.
Estudio de
encuesta
transversal
200 participantes,
que incluyó tanto
hombres como
mujeres adoles-
centes de 10 a 19
años.
Asociación entre
bruxismo y dolor
mandibular; vali-
dación exitosa del
cuestionario.
Marceliano
y Gaviã (21)
Possible sleep
bruxism and bio-
logical rhythm in
school children
2023
Vericar si los
niños con posible
bruxismo del
sueño exhibieron
alteraciones en
su ritmo bioló-
gico.
Estudio ob-
servacional
transversal.
178 padre-tu-
tor-hijo.
Bruxismo asociado
a alteraciones del
ritmo biológico
y apretar dientes
durante la vigilia.
EmodiPerl-
man et al.
(8)
Sleep Bruxism in
Children—What
Can Be Learned
from Anamnestic
Information
2023
Evaluar el papel
de la información
anamnéstica en
la predicción de
un posible bru-
xismo del sueño
en niños de 4 a 12
años.
Estudio
exploratorio
retrospectivo
transversal.
521 niños de 4 a
12 años de edad,
que fueron selec-
cionados de un
grupo inicial de
1911 expedientes
dentales.
Factores como
respiración bucal
y problemas ORL
aumentan la
probabilidad de
bruxismo; preva-
lencia del 16%.
To determine
the impact of
the COVID-19
pandemic on
sleep quality
and the possible
occurrence of
sleep bruxism
(SB) in children
aged eight to ten
years.
Longitudinal
cohort study.
105 children aged
eight to ten years.
The sample was
derived from a
previous cross-
sectional study,
where 739 children
were initially
contacted, and after
attempts to locate
them, 105 children
participated in
the longitudinal
assessment.
Increase in sleep
bruxism during
the pandemic;
associated with
electronic devices
and low parental
educational level.
Validate the
sleep bruxism
questionnaire,
specically
related to the
experience of
jaw pain and
limitation of
jaw movement
in Saudi
adolescents aged
10 to 19 years.
Cross-
sectional
survey study
200 participants,
including both
male and female
adolescents aged
10 to 19 years.
Association
between bruxism
and jaw pain;
successful
validation of the
questionnaire.
Verify whether
children
with possible
sleep bruxism
exhibited
alterations
in their
biological
rhythm
Cross-
sectional
observational
study.
178 parent-
guardian-
child.
Bruxism associated
with alterations
in biological
rhythm and teeth
clenching during
wakefulness.
To evaluate
the role of
anamnestic
information
in predicting
possible
sleep
bruxism in
children aged
4 to 12 years.
Retrospective
cross-
sectional
exploratory
study.
521 children
aged 4 to 12
years, selected
from an initial
group of 1911
dental records.
Factors such
as mouth
breathing and
ENT problems
increase the
likelihood
of bruxism;
prevalence of
16%.
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
adolescents. A sistematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
160-175
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a117
Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 160 - 175
Kumar et al.
(22)
Systemic Condi-
tion Associated
with Bruxism A
Case Report
2023
Reportar un caso
de bruxismo
asociado a un
padecimiento
asmático en un
paciente pediá-
trico.
Reporte de
caso 1 paciente
Manejo exitoso
de bruxismo en
niño asmático con
protector noctur-
no; vínculo con
problemas respira-
torios.
Nota. Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de la búsqueda sistemática
En la Tabla 2, la síntesis de la literatura cientíca sobre los factores de
riesgo asociados con el bruxismo del sueño en niños y adolescentes, iden-
tican una etiología multifactorial que incorpora dimensiones genéticas,
emocionales, conductuales y siológicas. Gonçalves et al. (11) subrayan la
herencia como un elemento consecuente, con una prevalencia considerable
del bruxismo entre los niños en edad escolar (43%), además de complica-
ciones respiratorias, cefaleas y dicultades para conciliar el sueño. Además,
Serra-Negra et al. (12) reconocen el desgaste dental y el bruxismo durante
la vigilia como factores pertinentes, lo que acentúa la importancia de vigilar
las conductas parafuncionales. Ferreira Bacci et al. (13) corroboran la inter-
conexión entre el bruxismo y los trastornos psicológicos, como el décit de
atención, la ansiedad y el estrés, proponiendo una asociación profunda entre
las variables emocionales y la manifestación de esta afección.
Por el contrario, las investigaciones con datos demográcos especícos
han facilitado la identicación de factores distintivos en las subpoblaciones
vulnerables. De Souza et al. (14) destacan que, en los niños con discapaci-
dades del desarrollo, elementos como el reujo gastroesofágico y los movi-
mientos involuntarios son determinantes claves, mientras que Meyer y Oli-
veira (15) documentan las ramicaciones de la intervención ortodóntica y las
inuencias hereditarias en la prevalencia del bruxismo del sueño. Además,
Sousa et al. (16) delinean los factores pertinentes a las anomalías dentales,
como las conductas de mordida cruzada y succión, mientras que Laganá et al.
(17) aclaran la asociación entre el bruxismo y las enfermedades respiratorias,
Report
a case of
bruxism
associated
with
asthma in
a pediatric
patient.
Case report 1 patient Successful
management of
bruxism in an
asthmatic child with
a night guard; link to
respiratory problems.
Note: Source: Own elaboration based on systematic search.
In Table 2, the synthesis of the scientic literature on the risk factors
associated with sleep bruxism in children and adolescents identies a
multifactorial etiology that incorporates genetic, emotional, behavioral
and physiological dimensions. Gonçalves et al.(11) highlight heredity as
a consistent element, with a considerable prevalence of bruxism among
school-age children (43%), in addition to respiratory complications,
headaches and difculties in falling asleep. Furthermore, Serra-Negra et
al.(12) recognize dental wear and bruxism during wakefulness as relevant
factors, which accentuates the importance of monitoring parafunctional
behaviors. Ferreira Bacci et al.(13) corroborate the interconnection
between bruxism and psychological disorders, such as attention decit,
anxiety and stress, proposing a profound association between emotional
variables and the manifestation of this condition.
In contrast, research with specic demographic data has facilitated
the identication of distinctive factors in vulnerable subpopulations. De
Souza et al.(14) highlight that, in children with developmental disabilities,
elements such as gastroesophageal reux and involuntary movements
are key determinants, while Meyer and Oliveira(15) document the
ramications of orthodontic intervention and hereditary inuences on
the prevalence of sleep bruxism. In addition, Sousa et al.(16) delineate
factors pertinent to dental anomalies, such as crossbite and sucking
behaviors, while Laganá et al.(17) clarify the association between bruxism
and respiratory diseases, such as obstructive sleep apnea, underscoring
the need to evaluate these conditions in tandem.
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161-175
Regarding psychosocial and environmental determinants, De
Almeida et al.(18) and Delima et al.(19) emphasize the implications of
sleep quality and the social environment. Elements such as parental
stress, accessibility to electronic devices and the COVID-19 pandemic
are signicantly correlated with the increased prevalence of bruxism.
In addition, Bahammam(20) reinforces the link between emotional
determinants, such as anxiety, and sleep disorders. In contrast, Marceliano
and Gaviã(21) document that dietary practices and excessive use of digital
media exacerbate bruxism manifestations, while Emodi-Perlman et al.(8)
emphasize the importance of anatomical factors, such as oral breathing and
otorhinolaryngological conditions, in bruxism susceptibility. Ultimately,
Kumar et al.(22) offer a perspective focused on respiratory problems
such as asthma, correlating these conditions with neuromuscular and
emotional disorders.
On the other hand, it is pertinent to point out that although Kumar et
al.(22) and Bahammam(20) have been considered for the analysis of factors
associated with nighttime bruxism, the research by Kumar et al.(22) yields
a clinical case report of bruxism associated with asthma, which limits
the extrapolation of their ndings, thus attenuating their relevance for a
comprehensive analysis. Similarly, Bahammam(20) focused his research
on the validation of an instrument to assess bruxism, without conducting
a systematic examination of risk factors, which restricts the applicability
of his data in this particular context.
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Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 162 - 175
Tabla 2
Factores de riesgo asociados al bruxismo del sueño
Autor Edad Diagnóstico de
SB
Factores de
riesgo asociados
con SB
Conclusiones
Gonçalves et al.
(11)
680 escolares de
4-16 años (media:
8.27 años); mayor
prevalencia en
dentición deci-
dua.
Exámenes clíni-
cos y cuestiona-
rios validados,
con análisis esta-
dístico y estudio
piloto.
Herencia, pro-
blemas respira-
torios, dolores de
cabeza, dicultad
para conciliar el
sueño, tempera-
mento inquieto y
hablar durante el
sueño.
Alta prevalen-
cia de bruxismo
(43%), impacto
signicativo en
la calidad de
vida, necesidad
de diagnóstico
precoz y estu-
dios multidisci-
plinarios para
comprender la
etiología.
Serra-Negra et
al. (12)
360 niños (8
años), 120 con
SB y 240 sin SB,
emparejados por
edad, género y
nivel socioeconó-
mico.
Basado en crite-
rios de la AASM
y cuestionarios
validados reco-
lectados por los
padres.
Desgaste canino
primario (OR
2.3), mordedura
de objetos (OR
2.0) y bruxismo
en tiempo de
vigilia (OR 2.3).
Asociación sig-
nicativa entre
SB y hábitos
parafuncionales;
se recomien-
da monitorear
estos hábitos en
niños y realizar
estudios longitu-
dinales para com-
prender mejor su
impacto.
Table 2
Risk Factors Associated with Sleep Bruxism
680 school
children aged
4-16 years
(mean: 8.27
years); higher
prevalence
in deciduous
dentition.
360 children
(8 years), 120
with SB and
240 without
SB, matched
for age,
gender and
socioeconomic
status.
Validated clinical
examinations and
questionnaires,
with statistical
analysis and pilot
study.
Based on
AASM criteria
and validated
parent-collected
questionnaires.
Heredity,
respiratory
problems,
headaches,
difculty falling
asleep, restless
temperament and
talking during sleep.
Primary canine
attrition (OR 2.3),
object biting (OR
2.0) and waking-
time bruxism (OR
2.3).
High prevalence
of bruxism (43%),
signicant impact
on quality of life,
need for early
diagnosis and
multidisciplinary
studies to
understand the
etiology.
Signicant
association
between SB and
parafunctional
habits; it is
recommended
to monitor these
habits in children
and to perform
longitudinal studies
to better understand
their impact.
Author Age Diagnosis of SB
Risk factors
associated
with SB
Conclusions
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Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 163 - 175
FerreiraBacci et
al. (13)
80 niños de 7-11
años (media: 8.8
años); ambos
géneros repre-
sentados.
Evaluación
clínica y psico-
lógica utilizando
cuestionarios
estructurados y
escalas psicoló-
gicas (Rutter-A2,
Escala de Estrés
Infantil).
Trastornos
psicológicos (dé-
cit de atención,
hiperactividad,
problemas de
conducta), estrés
emocional, ansie-
dad, hostilidad y
depresión.
Los problemas
conductuales y
emocionales son
factores de riesgo
signicativos
para SB; se des-
taca la necesidad
de enfoques in-
terdisciplinarios
(odontología y
psicología) y ma-
yor investigación
en factores de
estrés siológico
asociados.
de Souza et al.
(14)
389 niños de 1-13
años con disca-
pacidades del
desarrollo; no se
encontró asocia-
ción signicativa
entre la edad y el
bruxismo.
Basado en infor-
mes parentales
de rechinamien-
to audible de
dientes; categori-
zación binaria de
presencia/ausen-
cia de bruxismo.
Reujo gastroe-
sofágico (OR
2.28), movimien-
tos involuntarios
(OR 2.24), género
femenino (OR
0.44).
Asociaciones
signicativas en-
tre SB y factores
neurológicos; se
enfatiza la impor-
tancia de enfo-
ques especícos
para el manejo de
SB en niños con
discapacidades
del desarrollo.
Meyer y Oliveira
(15)
66 niños (7-15
años, media:
10.6 años) en
tratamiento de
ortodoncia; los
padres tenían
edades entre 18-
69 años.
Basado en cri-
terios de AASM,
con cuestionarios
y exámenes clí-
nicos realizados
por un dentista
capacitado.
Factores emocio-
nales, genéticos,
relación entre
SB en padres e
hijos, y malestar
asociado con apa-
ratos ortodónci-
cos.
Se encontró
asociación entre
SB y tratamiento
ortodóncico (75%
redujeron SB tras
tratamiento). Se
necesita investi-
gar los factores
emocionales
asociados y su
impacto en la
calidad de vida.
80 children
aged 7-11
years (mean:
8.8 years);
both genders
represented.
389 children
aged 1-13
years with
developmental
disabilities;
no signicant
association
was found
between age
and bruxism.
66 children (7-
15 years, mean:
10.6 years) at
orthodontic
treatment;
parents were
aged 18-69
years.
Clinical and
psychological
evaluation
using structured
questionnaires
and psychological
scales (Rutter-A2,
Child Stress Scale).
Based on
parental reports
of audible teeth
grinding; binary
categorization of
presence/absence
of bruxism.
Based on AASM
criteria, with
questionnaires
and clinical
examinations
performed by a
trained dentist.
Psychological
disorders
(attention decit,
hyperactivity,
behavioral
problems),
emotional stress,
anxiety, hostility
and depression.
Gastroesophageal
reux (OR 2.28),
involuntary
movements (OR
2.24), female gender
(OR 0.44).
Emotional
factors, genetics,
relationship
between SB in
parents and
children, and
discomfort
associated with
orthodontic
appliances.
Behavioral and
emotional problems
are signicant
risk factors for
SB; the need for
interdisciplinary
approaches
(dentistry and
psychology) and
further research
on associated
physiological
stress factors is
highlighted.
Signicant
associations
between SB and
neurological factors;
the importance of
specic approaches
to the management
of SB in children
with developmental
disabilities is
emphasized.
Emotional
factors, genetics,
relationship
between SB in
parents and
children, and
discomfort
associated with
orthodontic
appliances.
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Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 164 - 175
Sousa et al. (16)
3-10 años y >10
años; prevalen-
cia similar entre
ambos grupos
(26.1% vs. 21.6%);
sin diferencias
signicativas en
prevalencia por
edad.
Informes paren-
tales (sonidos de
rechinamiento
al menos 3 veces
por semana);
corroborado con
exámenes clíni-
cos para detectar
facetas de desgas-
te dental.
Hábitos de suc-
ción (OR 4.44),
mordida cruzada
posterior (OR
3.04), facetas de
desgaste dental
(OR 3.32).
Prevalencia de SB
similar en niños
con y sin dete-
rioro cognitivo
(~24%). Se reco-
mienda monito-
rear hábitos de
succión y altera-
ciones dentales
como predictores
de SB.
Laganà et al. (17)
310 niños de 6-12
años (media: 8.9
años); se incluye-
ron más mujeres
(56%) que varo-
nes (44%).
Cuestionarios
validados diseña-
dos para evaluar
SB y factores
relacionados con
el síndrome de
apnea obstruc-
tiva del sueño
(SAOS).
Herencia, sudo-
ración nocturna,
respiración oral,
ronquidos, obe-
sidad.
Correlación sig-
nicativa entre
SB y factores de
riesgo para SAOS;
falta de concien-
cia en padres
(46.5% desinfor-
mados) resalta
la necesidad de
mayor educación.
de Almeida et
al. (18)
1900 niños de
0-17 años; pre-
valencia de SB
disminuye con la
edad (0-6 años:
20.7%, 7-11 años:
19.4%, 12-17 años:
14.6%).
Informes de pa-
dres/cuidadores
sobre apreta-
miento dental y
rechinamiento
audible; no se
realizaron conr-
maciones clínicas
o polisomnogra-
fías.
Ansiedad, estrés,
agresividad,
hiperactividad,
ronquidos, pe-
sadillas, TDAH
(mayor riesgo en
niños tratados
con medicamen-
tos).
Prevalencia gene-
ral de SB: 17.6%;
se recomienda
incluir consul-
tas sobre SB en
citas odontoló-
gicas pediátricas
para mejorar la
conciencia en los
padres.
3-10 years
and >10
years; similar
prevalence
between both
groups (26.1%
vs. 21.6%); no
signicant
differences in
prevalence by
age.
1900 children
aged 0-17
years;
prevalence of
SB decreases
with age (0-6
years: 20.7%,
7-11 years:
19.4%, 12-17
years: 14.6%).
Parental reports
(grinding sounds
at least 3 times
per week);
corroborated
with clinical
examinations to
detect dental wear
facets.
Parent/caregiver
reports of dental
clenching and
audible grinding;
no clinical
conrmation or
polysomnography
was performed.
Sucking habits (OR
4.44), posterior
crossbite (OR 3.04),
dental wear facets
(OR 3.32).
Anxiety, stress,
aggressiveness,
hyperactivity,
snoring, nightmares,
ADHD (higher risk
in children treated
with medication).
Prevalence of
SB similar in
children with and
without cognitive
impairment (~24%).
It is recommended
to monitor sucking
habits and dental
alterations as
predictors of BS.
Overall prevalence
of SB: 17.6%; it is
recommended
to include
consultations on SB
in pediatric dental
appointments to
improve parental
awareness.
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Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
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Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 165 - 175
Delima et al. (19)
105 niños de 8-10
años; muestra se-
leccionada para
evaluar el impac-
to de la pandemia
de COVID-19
en patrones de
sueño y SB.
Diagnóstico basa-
do en criterios de
AASM y Escala de
Perturbación del
Sueño para Niños
(SDSC).
Escolaridad
parental baja
(RR 2.67), acceso
a dispositivos
electrónicos (RR
1.97), trastornos
del sueño duran-
te la pandemia
(RR 1.74).
Incremento sig-
nicativo en SB y
alteraciones del
sueño durante
la pandemia;
estrategias de
intervención y
sensibilización
son necesarias
para abordar es-
tos problemas.
Bahammam (20)
200 adolescentes
de 10-19 años
(54.7% mujeres y
45.3% hombres);
mayoría en el
rango de 10-14
años.
Cuestionarios
diseñados espe-
cícamente para
evaluar dolor
de mandíbula
y movimiento
limitado; incluyó
evaluación de
consistencia
interna (alfa de
Cronbach >0.8).
Estrés, ansie-
dad, depresión,
alteraciones en
patrones de sue-
ño, exposición al
humo de segunda
mano.
Validación exi-
tosa del cuestio-
nario de SB; se
requiere mayor
conciencia en
padres y más
investigación en
diferentes pobla-
ciones.
Marceliano y
Gaviã (21)
Niños de 6-14
años (media:
10.14 años);
evaluación de pa-
trones de sueño y
comportamientos
relacionados.
Escala BRIAN-K
para evaluar
sueño, activi-
dades diarias,
comportamiento
social y alimenta-
ción; diagnóstico
basado en entre-
vistas con padres
y evaluaciones
clínicas.
Mala calidad del
sueño, apreta-
miento de dien-
tes durante la
vigilia (OR 2.04),
consumo alto de
azúcar, uso exce-
sivo de medios
digitales.
Niños con SB
tienen mayo-
res dicultades
para mantener
ritmos biológi-
cos; se resalta la
importancia de
un buen sueño
para reducir la
frecuencia de SB.
105 children
aged 8-10
years; sample
selected to
evaluate the
impact of the
COVID-19
pandemic on
sleep patterns
and SB.
Children
aged 6-14
years (mean:
10.14 years);
assessment of
sleep patterns
and related
behaviors.
Diagnosis based
on AASM criteria
and Sleep
Disturbance
Scale for Children
(SDSC).
BRIAN-K scale
to assess sleep,
daily activities,
social behavior,
and feeding;
diagnosis based on
parent interviews
and clinical
assessments.
Low parental
schooling (RR 2.67),
access to electronic
devices (RR 1.97),
sleep disturbances
during the
pandemic (RR 1.74).
Poor sleep quality,
teeth clenching
during wakefulness
(OR 2.04), high
sugar consumption,
excessive use of
digital media.
Signicant increase
in SB and sleep
disturbances
during pandemic;
intervention and
awareness strategies
are needed to
address these
problems.
Children with
SB have greater
difculty
maintaining
biological rhythms;
the importance
of good sleep
in reducing the
frequency of SB is
highlighted.
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Factores de riesgo relacionados al bruxismo del sueño en niños
y adolescentes. Una revisión de alcance 166 - 175
EmodiPerlman et
al. (8)
521 niños de 4-12
años; evaluados
por anamnesis
(informes de
padres) sobre
comportamientos
de SB durante el
sueño.
Diagnóstico basa-
do en informes
parentales sobre
apretamiento
dental y ruidos
relacionados con
SB; no se usaron
métodos instru-
mentales (EMG o
polisomnografía).
Respiración
bucal (~3 veces
mayor riesgo),
trastornos ENT,
uso de chupetes o
chuparse el dedo
(~2 veces mayor
riesgo).
Factores ENT y
respiración bucal
son predictores
signicativos de
SB; se recomien-
da una evalua-
ción clínica deta-
llada y estudios
adicionales para
explorar estas
asociaciones.
Kumar et al. (22)
No especicada;
el enfoque princi-
pal fue el manejo
del bruxismo
relacionado con
asma.
Diagnóstico basa-
do en exámenes
clínicos y disposi-
tivos intraora-
les; se incluyen
evaluaciones
EMG y PSG como
opciones adicio-
nales.
Ansiedad, estrés,
asma, alteracio-
nes respiratorias,
problemas de
oclusión dental.
Bruxismo relacio-
nado con factores
respiratorios y
psicosociales; se
destaca la impor-
tancia de la inter-
vención tempra-
na para prevenir
complicaciones
asociadas.
Nota. SB: Sleep Bruxism. Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de la búsqueda
sistemática
En conjunto, los autores coinciden en que los determinantes del riesgo
asociados con el bruxismo del sueño en niños y adolescentes son multifacé-
ticos y combinan dimensiones genéticas, emocionales y siológicas. Si bien
todas las investigaciones analizadas proporcionan información pertinente,
existen pruebas convincentes de la necesidad de realizar una investigación
interdisciplinaria que integren la odontología, la psicología y la medicina del
sueño para comprender de manera integral los elementos que contribuyen a
este trastorno en el grupo demográco de niños y adolescentes.
Not specied;
primary
focus was
management
of asthma-
related
bruxism.
Diagnosis based
on clinical
examination and
intraoral devices;
EMG and PSG
assessments
included as
additional options.
Anxiety, stress,
asthma, respiratory
disturbances, dental
occlusion problems.
Bruxism related
to respiratory and
psychosocial factors;
the importance of
early intervention to
prevent associated
complications is
emphasized.
Note: SB: Sleep Bruxism. Source: Own elaboration from systematic search.
Overall, the authors agree that the risk determinants associated with
sleep bruxism in children and adolescents are multifaceted and combine
genetic, emotional and physiological dimensions. While all of the research
reviewed provides relevant information, there is compelling evidence for
the need for interdisciplinary research integrating dentistry, psychology,
and sleep medicine to comprehensively understand the elements
contributing to this disorder in the child and adolescent demographic.
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Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children and
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167-175
4 Discussion
Sleep bruxism (SB) in children and adolescents represents a complex
multifactorial disorder encompassing physiological, psychological, and
environmental dimensions. The results of this exploratory review highlight
a number of interrelated risk factors, ranging from genetic predispositions
to sleep disorders and adverse socioeconomic circumstances. This analysis
facilitates the identication of not only consistent patterns in the existing
literature, but also gaps that require attention to improve understanding
of this condition.
4.1. Genetic predisposition and physiological components
One of the risk factors emphasized in this study is the impact of
heredity, corroborated by several previous investigations. Gonçalves et
al.(11) established that familial predisposition is an important predictor
of SB in children. This nding is in agreement with studies by Serra-Negra
et al.(12) , who reported that children with a family history are up to 2.68
times more likely to manifest this disorder. In addition, Liu et al.(7) argue
that the genetic association is related to modications in the basal ganglia,
which regulate muscle activity during sleep. This genetic perspective not
only underscores the need to evaluate family history, but also to explore
possible biomarkers that allow early detection.
In addition, physiological conditions such as gastroesophageal reux
and involuntary movements are also critical, de Souza et al.(14) observed
a signicant correlation between these conditions and SB, particularly in
children with developmental disabilities. This nding is corroborated by
Ommerborn et al.(3) , who emphasized that neurological disorders may
also aggravate bruxing episodes, particularly in susceptible populations.
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4.2. Psychological and emotional factors
The role of stress and anxiety as catalysts of SB is widely recognized
in the literature. FerreiraBacci et al.(13) identied that 82.76% of children
with multiple sclerosis have psychological problems, such as anxiety,
hyperactivity, and attention decit. These ndings are in agreement
with those reported by Luco(3) , who highlights that children with high
levels of anxiety are more predisposed to develop this disease due to
increased muscle activity during sleep. In addition, Alqaderi et al.(9)
documented that adverse emotions, particularly frustration, correlate
with more frequent and severe episodes of SB. These data accentuate the
importance of integrating emotional regulation strategies into therapeutic
interventions.
In contrast, the COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique framework
to assess how social isolation and alterations in sleep patterns inuenced
the prevalence of SB. Delima et al.(19) reported a substantial increase in
cases during this period, associated with excessive use of electronic devices
and decreased sleep quality. These ndings are consistent with those of
Alqaderi et al.(9) , who also observed a detrimental impact of prolonged
screen time on emotional regulation and sleep hygiene.
4.3. Respiratory conditions and anatomical changes
Respiratory diseases, such as mouth breathing and
otorhinolaryngological diseases, also emerge as important determinants.
Emodi-Perlman et al.(8) demonstrated that mouth breathing triples the
likelihood of bruxism, a nding corroborated by Laganá et al.(17) , who
also found that 40% of pediatric patients with bruxism had oral breathing.
In addition, ear, nose, and throat disorders, such as recurrent infections
or the need for uid drainage, substantially elevate the likelihood of
SB, as demonstrated by Kumar et al.(22) . Therefore, these observations
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underscore the compelling need to incorporate respiratory assessments
in the clinical identication of SB.
4.4. Inuence of environmental and social factors.
The socioeconomic environment also plays a pivotal role in the
manifestation of SB. Delima et al.(19) identied decreased parental
education level and unrestricted access to electronic devices as factors that
signicantly increase risk. These results are consistent with the ndings
of Liu et al.(7) , who noted that adverse environmental circumstances, such
as congestion and lack of structured routines, contribute to dysfunctional
sleep patterns that aggravate SB.
In addition, high sugar intake and insufcient dietary practices
have also been recognized as risk determinants in pediatric populations
with SB. Marceliano and Gaviã(21) emphasized that excessive intake of
saccharin-rich food substances alters dopaminergic neurotransmission,
which may lead to a higher prevalence of the disorder. In other words,
this revelation denotes the need to address nutritional determinants in
the clinical management of SB.
4.5. wards a comprehensive understanding of sleep bruxism (SB)
Taken together, the ndings of this exploratory review accentuate
the multifactorial essence of SB and the need for an interdisciplinary
approach to its understanding and management. The data accumulated
here reinforce the relevance of evaluating genetic, psychological,
physiological, and environmental factors in a holistic manner. In addition,
it is imperative to develop longitudinal research to improve understanding
of the interactions between these factors and their long-term implications
for the oral and overall well-being of children and adolescents.
The results also underscore the importance of raising awareness
among health professionals about early detection and appropriate
treatment of SB. Recent research suggests that incorporating preventive
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strategies into educational and clinical settings can markedly reduce
the prevalence of the disorder and improve the quality of life of affected
children(2) . Finally, future research should explore specic interventions
tailored to the individual characteristics of each patient, including
psychological therapies, habit modication, and specic pharmacological
treatments.
5. Conclusion
The comprehensive review facilitated the systematic delineation
of existing research on risk determinants correlated with sleep bruxism
in pediatric and adolescent populations by discerning key concepts,
recurrent motifs, and gaps in knowledge. The ndings indicate that
sleep bruxism is a multifactorial disease in which genetic, psychological,
physiological, and environmental elements merge. Among the most
important determinants are hereditary susceptibility, neurological
abnormalities, emotional stress and inadequate sleep environments,
which are key factors in predicting the manifestation of sleep bruxism.
In addition, the scientic literature recognizes specic determinants,
e.g., gastroesophageal reux, sucking behaviors, use of electronic devices,
and the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, which have been
underappreciated in academic discourse and require further scrutiny.
The interrelationships between physiologic and psychosocial elements
underscore the need for multidisciplinary methodologies incorporating
dentistry, sleep medicine, and psychology to thoroughly address this
disorder within the pediatric demographic.
Ultimately, this review also highlighted the deciency of longitudinal
research to elucidate causal connections between identied risk factors
and sleep bruxism, as well as the paucity of research focused on particular
groups, such as children with developmental disabilities. The importance
of ongoing research to close these gaps, increase early diagnostic strategies,
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and formulate evidence-based preventive and therapeutic interventions
is denoted.
6. Authors’ Contribution
CCLR: Initial drafting, data collection, analysis of results, discussion,
nal revision of the article.
AJVF: Initial draft, data collection, analysis of results, discussion,
nal revision of the article.
PAOC: Analysis of results, discussion, nal review of the article.
7. Ethics committee approval and consent to
participate in the study
Not applicable
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