Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Determinants of competitiveness in Latin American SMEs. A
systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
209-243
Determinants of competitiveness in
Latin American SMEs. A systematic
review
Factores determinantes de la competitividad en
las Pymes de América Latina. Revisión sistemática
Jessica Roxanna Méndez Gabino 1 , Félix Moisés Orrala Suárez 2, Mónica Patricia Pucha Parra 3 ,
Henry Antonio Villacis Banchón 4
1 Master’s Degree in Human Talent Management. AGUAPEN EP Joint Public Company.
jroxanna.88@gmail.com. Santa Elena, Ecuador.
2 Master’s Degree in Human Talent Management. Vhecorp Consulting .
felixorralase@gmail.com. Santa Elena, Ecuador.
3 Master’s Degree in Business Administration and Management. Guayaquil Business Technology
University. mppucha@gmail.com . Santa Elena, Ecuador.
4 Master’s in Environmental Management Systems. Vhecorp Consulting. villacishenry@hotmail.com.
Santa Elena, Ecuador.
How to cite:
Méndez Gabino, J. R., Orrala Suárez, F. M., Pucha Parra, M. P., & Villacis Banchón, H. A. (2025). Determinants
of competitiveness in SMEs in Latin America. Systematic review. Journal of Contemporary Multidisciplinary
Research, 3(2), 209–243. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
Article Information
Received: 12-12-2024
Accepted: 26-03-2025
Published: 01-07-2025
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Editorial
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The research was conducted using the authors’
own resources.
Conicts of Interest
No conicts of interest are declared.
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Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 49 -49
Copyright (c) 2025 Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé,
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Original article Revista MultidisciplinariaInvestigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 209 - 243. July-December, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
Revista multidisciplinaria
Investigación Contemporánea 07 - 2025 Vol. 3 - No. 2 ISSN-e: 2960-8015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides
- estudio y diagnóstico de un caso 32 -49
Artículo Caso clínico. Revista multidisciplinaria investigación Contemporánea.
Vol. 3 - No. 2, pp. 32 - 49. julio-diciembre, 2025. e-ISSN: 2960-8015
Leucemia de células dendríticas
plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico
de un caso
Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y
diagnóstico de un caso
Información del artículo:
Recibido: 05-12-2024
Aceptado: 21-02-2025
Publicado: 01-07-2025
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1 Docente Investigador; pedro.faican@ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
2 Estudiante; ibelice.dutan.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
3 Estudiante; camila.gonzalez.66@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
4 Estudiante; joselyn.matute.44@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
5 Estudiante; alejandra.rodriguez.60@est.ucacue.edu.ec. Azogues, Ecuador.
Faicán Rocano Pedro Fernando 1, Dután Pérez Ibelice Salomé 2, González González Camila
Raquel 3, Matute Aguiar Joselyn Nayeli 4, Rodríguez Verdugo Alejandra Valentina 5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Cómo citar:
Faican Rocano, P. . F., Dután Pérez, I. S. ., González González, C. R. ., Rodríguez Verdugo, A. V. ., & Matute Aguiar, J.
N. . (2025). Leucemia de células dendríticas plasmocitoides - estudio y diagnóstico de un caso.
Revista Multidisci-
plinaria Investigación Contemporánea
, 3(2), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a90
Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Determinants of competitiveness in Latin American SMEs. A
systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
210-243
Summary
Small and medium-sized enterprises in Latin America face multiple challenges that
limit their competitiveness, such as nancial constraints, limited technological
access, and limited innovation. Although studies on competitiveness exist,
no consensus has been established on the determining factors in the Latin
American context. The objective was to identify the determining factors of
competitiveness in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Latin America.
To this end, a systematic review of the scientic literature was conducted. The
main determinants recognized were nancial competencies, strategic planning,
innovation, human resource management, organizational framework, use of
technology, and eco-innovation. It is concluded that the competitiveness of small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) depends on the conuence of internal and
external determinants, which emphasizes the need for holistic methodologies that
encompass innovative strategies, sustainability, and public policies that foster an
environment favorable to business development.
Keywords: Factors, competitiveness, small and medium-sized enterprises, SMEs,
Latin America.
Resumen
Las pequeñas y medianas empresas de América Latina enfrentan múltiples desafíos
que limitan su competitividad, como restricciones nancieras, limitaciones
en el acceso tecnológico y escasa innovación. Aunque existen estudios sobre
competitividad, no se ha establecido un consenso sobre los factores determinantes
en el contexto latinoamericano. El objetivo fue identicar los factores determinantes
de la competitividad en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) de América
Latina. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura cientíca.
Los principales determinantes reconocidos fueron las competencias nancieras,
la planicación estratégica, la innovación, la administración de los recursos
humanos, el marco organizacional, la utilización de la tecnología y la innovación
ecológica. Se concluye que la competitividad de las pequeñas y medianas empresas
(PYMES) depende de la conuencia de determinantes internos y externos, lo que
hace énfasis en la necesidad de metodologías holísticas que abarquen estrategias
innovadoras, la sostenibilidad y las políticas públicas que fomenten un entorno
favorable al avance empresarial.
Palabras claves: Factores, competitividad, pequeñas y medianas empresas, Pymes,
América latina, Latinoamérica.
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1. Introduction
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face numerous
obstacles to maintaining their competitiveness in a dynamic and globalized
economic environment. Key impediments include resource constraints,
including limited access to capital, technology, and skilled personnel,
which hinder their ability to innovate and expand internationally (Chen,
2024; Kwartati et al., 2024) .
Furthermore, SMEs face regulatory and compliance hurdles
that hinder their internationalization efforts, forcing them to navigate
intricate legal frameworks and acclimatize to varying market conditions
(Kwartati et al., 2024) . In this sense, digital transformation constitutes
a challenge because rms often face signicant capital expenditures,
limited understanding of digital technologies, and a deciency of human
resources required to implement and maintain digital initiatives (Chen,
2024) . Likewise, leadership and organizational culture play a critical
role in the competitiveness of SME entities, and there are challenges in
establishing effective management frameworks and enhancing employee
skills (Altman and Cheng, 2024) .
Therefore, SMEs are encouraged to adopt strategic methodologies
such as fostering strategic alliances, investing in training and technology,
and utilizing digital tools to increase market penetration and innovation,
such that by focusing on these strategies, SMEs can strengthen their
competitive advantage and ensure sustainable growth in an ever-
evolving business landscape (Bahar et al., 2024; Hamadamin and Atan,
2019; Igbokwe, 2024) . Given the above , a holistic approach that combines
market intelligence, technology assimilation, and leadership development
is imperative for SMEs to thrive in the global economy (Altman and Cheng,
2024) .
From the above, it is evident that SMEs, regardless of their geographic
location, constitute a signicant component of national economies,
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contributing to job creation, innovation , and economic dynamism.
However, some of them face obstacles to achieving success in increasingly
demanding markets, characterized by globalization, rapid technological
advances, and recent demands for sustainability. However, despite the
vast number of studies on competitiveness, no clear consensus has been
established regarding the most determining factors in the competitive
success of companies, especially in diverse geographic and sectoral
contexts. This gap hinders the development of specic and effective
strategies to improve their market position.
Therefore, this manuscript aims to identify the determining factors
of competitiveness in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Latin
America through a systematic review of the academic literature.
2. Methodology
2020 methodology guidelines served as the basis for conducting the
systematic review, ensuring the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency
of the research process.
The research question, in the context of management, aimed to
identify the determining factors that inuence the competitiveness of
SMEs in Latin America. The inclusion criteria were: Articles published
in Spanish and English, between 2020 and 2024, that explicitly address
competitiveness factors in SMEs and are fully accessible. Theoretical
research without an empirical basis and studies conducted on large-scale
companies were excluded.
The search was carried out in SCOPUS, Web of Science , PubMed.
The search strategy consisted of key keywords related to the research
question, such as “competitiveness factors,” “SMEs,” “small and medium-
sized enterprises,” “Latin America , “ and their English equivalents. In
addition, Boolean operators (AND) and (OR) were used to construct the
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search equation, in order to optimize results and ensure the inclusion of
relevant research.
After screening the articles by title and abstract to eliminate
irrelevant studies, the preselected articles were read in full, identifying 25
documents that were included for analysis. Two reviewers conducted this
process, resolving discrepancies with the participation of a third reviewer if
necessary. For data extraction, a structured instrument was used to obtain
information from the selected studies, including details on the authors,
the year of publication, the methodological framework, and the main
ndings. This procedure ensured the systematization of the information
and facilitated comparative analysis among the studies. Furthermore,
the data obtained were analyzed descriptively and complemented with a
qualitative synthesis to identify patterns, trends, and discrepancies in the
outlined competitiveness variables.
3. Results
The research used PRISMA owcharts to document the study
selection procedure, from initial identication to nal inclusion (Figure
1.)
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Factores determinantes de la competitividad en las Pymes de
América Latina. Revisión sistemática 214 - 243
Figura 1. Diagrama de ujo de la búsqueda sistemática
En la Tabla 1 se muestra una visión integral de los atributos bibliográ-
cos de las investigaciones relacionadas con la competitividad en las pequeñas
y medianas empresas (PYMES). Las investigaciones se difunden en diversos
contextos geográcos, con un énfasis particular en América Latina, incluidos
países como Ecuador, Colombia, Perú, México y Brasil. Las metodologías em-
pleadas abarcan paradigmas cualitativos y cuantitativos, junto con estudios
de métodos mixtos, lo que demuestra la heterogeneidad de los enfoques para
dilucidar los determinantes de la competitividad.
Con respecto a los objetivos y las conclusiones, algunos estudios se
centran en elementos internos, como los recursos humanos, la planicación
estratégica y la innovación, mientras que otros analizan las dimensiones ex-
ternas, incluyendo el impacto de las redes sociales, la digitalización y las prác-
IDENTIFICACIÓN
Número de registros identificados
mediante la búsqueda en la base de
datos
SCOPUS=102 ;WoS=81 ;PubMed=47
(n= 230)
Número de registros duplicados
(n=83)
Número de registros cribados
(n=59)
Número de registros excluidos por no
cumplir los criterios de Inclusión/Exclusión
(n=88)
IDONEIDAD
Número de registro de texto completo
evaluados para su elegibilidad
(n=25)
Número de artículos de texto completo
excluidos después de la lectura de titulo y
resumen
(n=34)
Número de estudios incluidos en la
síntesis cualitativa
(n=25)
Número de estudios incluidos en la
síntesis cuantitativa
(n=0)
CRIBADOINCLUSIÓN
Número de registros tras eliminar citas duplicadas
(n=147)
INCLUSIÓN IDONEIDAD CRIBADO IDENTIFICACIÓN
Figure 1. Flowchart of the systematic search
Table 1 provides a comprehensive overview of the bibliographical
attributes of research related to competitiveness in small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs). This research covers diverse geographic
contexts, with a particular emphasis on Latin America, including countries
such as Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, and Brazil. The methodologies
employed encompass qualitative and quantitative paradigms, along with
mixed-methods studies, demonstrating the diversity of approaches to
elucidating the determinants of competitiveness.
Regarding objectives and conclusions, some studies focus on internal
elements, such as human resources, strategic planning, and innovation,
while others analyze external dimensions, including the impact of social
Number of records identied
through the database search
SCOPUS=102; WoS=81;
PubMed=47 (n=230)
Number of records screened
(n=59)
Number of duplicate records
(n=83)
Number of records after removing duplicate citations (n=147)
Number of records excluded
for not meeting the Inclusion/
Exclusion criteria (n=88)
Number of full-text records
assessed for eligibility (n=25)
Number of studies included in
the qualitative synthesis (n=25)
Number of studies included in
the quantitative synthesis (n=0)
Number of full-text articles
excluded after reading the title
and abstract (n=34)
IDENTIFICATIONINCLUSION SUITABILITY
SCREENING
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media, digitalization, and sustainable practices. For example, in Ecuador,
Álvarez-Pico and Zaldumbide- Peralvo (2020) identied key internal and
external factors within the construction sector, while Solís Muñoz et al.
(2021) highlighted the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation
in the canton of Azogues. In contrast, research such as that conducted by
Villamonte Blas and Sotomayor Flores (2023) provides an econometric
assessment of competitiveness in 20 Latin American countries,
emphasizing the relevance of infrastructure and labor efciency.
Furthermore, the impact of the digital environment and eco-
innovation is a recurring theme, as demonstrated by Valdez-Juárez et al.
(2023), who outline the afrmative effects of digitalization in Mexico, and
Ruiz Zamora et al. (2023), who underline the inuence of eco-innovation
in Sonora, Mexico. Research also reects particular challenges, such as
the lack of knowledge about e-markets in Costa Rica, as noted by Zerón
Bascopé (2023), or the detrimental effects of COVID-19 on competitiveness
in Mexico, as indicated by Ibarra Morales et al. (2022).
Thus, the selected research provides a broad perspective on the
determinants of competitiveness in SMEs, revealing shared patterns as
well as distinct variations depending on the context and sector examined.
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Table 1. Summary of bibliographic characteristics of the studies selected
for the research.
Authors Year Qualication Study design Made in: Conclusions DOI
Verónica
Álvarez David
Zaldumbide
2020
Factors
determining
competitive
success in SMEs,
a case study in
the construction
sector
- Qualitative Delphi
method with expert
consensus.
- Two phases: initial
and nal data
evaluation.
- Ecuador
- Manabí Province
- The study identied
internal and
external factors
that contribute
to competitive
success in SMEs in
the construction
industry.
- These factors
include human
resources, nance,
strategic planning,
innovation, and city
resources.
10.33386/593DP.2020.5-1.322
Ana Beatriz
Blanco-Ariza,
Ángel Wilhelm
Vásquez-García,
Rafael García-
Jiménez, Enrique
Melamed -Varela
2020
Organizational
structure as
a competitive
determinant
in small and
medium-sized
companies in the
food sector
- Explanatory
research with
a quantitative
approach.
- Participation of 62
companies in the
food sector.
- Colombia
- Barranquilla
- Organizational
structure impacts
competitiveness in
SMEs in the food
sector.
- Stronger
structures improve
communication
and operational
performance.
10.31876/RCS.V26I2.32429
Ismael Cristofer
Baierle ,
Guilherme
Brittes Benítez,
Elpidio Oscar
Benítez Nara,
Jones Luís
Schaefer, Miguel
Alfonso Sellitto
2020
Inuence of
Open Innovation
Variables on
the Competitive
Edge of Small
and Medium
Enterprises
- Survey of 67 SMEs
in Southern Brazil.
- Ordinary least
squares (OLS)
regression model
used.
- Southern Brazil
is the location of
the study.
- Focus on small
and medium-sized
manufacturing.
- Most innovation
initiatives have
a low impact
on competitive
advantage.
- Poorly dened
innovation initiatives
can jeopardize
competitive
advantage.
10.3390/JOITMC6040179
Jocelyn Estrella
Rodríguez
Martínez,
Enrique
Martínez Muñoz,
Danae Duana
Ávila, Tirso
Javier Hernández
Gracia
2020
Measuring the
organizational
climate in a
service-sector
SME in the central
region of Hidalgo
- Questionnaire
administered to
employees to assess
perceptions.
- Analysis of the
organizational
climate in a service-
sector SME.
- Mexico
- Central Hidalgo
Region
- Poor organizational
climate affects
employee motivation
and satisfaction.
- Improving the
climate can increase
productivity and
competitiveness.
10.22579/23463910.154
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Ruth Arévalo-
Torres, Norman
Mora-Sánchez,
Andrés Pacheco-
Molina
2021
Competitiveness:
SMEs and the
social network
- Qualitative
-quantitative,
descriptive with
an explanatory
approach.
- Survey of 254
SMEs in Machala,
Ecuador.
- Ecuador
- City of Machala
- Social media
generates
competitiveness in
SMEs.
- Facebook and
WhatsApp are
the most widely
used social media
platforms.
10.33386/593DP.2021.3.575
Luis Alberto
Baldeos Ardian
, Flor de María
Lioo Jordán,
Viviana Inés
Vellon Flores
2021
Strategic
planning and
competitiveness
of MSMEs in
the province of
Huaura, Peru
- Design of non-
experimental,
correlational, and
descriptive studies.
- Sample of 390
MSMEs in Huaura
province.
- Peru
- Huaura Province
- Strategic planning
inuences the
competitiveness of
MSMEs in Huaura
province.
- Key dimensions
include
administrative,
production, human
resources, and
nancial planning.
10.36097/RSAN.V1I43.1235
Xiomara Nayel
Yoza Calderón,
Ronny Anthony
Villafuerte
Soledispa, María
Leonor Parrales
Poveda
2021
Business
Growth: Market
Development
Strategy in the
MSME Sector
- Descriptive
research with
a qualitative,
non-experimental
approach.
- Analyzed the
market development
strategies of
Ecuadorian MSMEs.
- Ecuador is the
focus of the study.
- It analyzes
the market
development
strategies of
MSMEs in
Ecuador.
- Creativity and
innovation are key for
MSMEs to remain in
the market.
- Resilience is
also important for
business growth and
sustainability.
10.51528/RP.VOL8.ID2236
Juan Bautista
Solis Muñoz,
Mercedes Lucia
Neira Neira ,
Jorge Edwin
Ormaza Andrade,
Jorge Oswaldo
Quevedo
Vázquez
2021
Entrepreneurship
and innovation:
Dimensions
for the study
of MSMEs in
Azogues, Ecuador
- Qualitative-
quantitative
approach with
exploratory and
descriptive scope.
- Based on the
scientic method
and bibliographic
review.
- Ecuador
- Canton of
Azogues
- Greater customer
value leads to greater
entrepreneurship and
innovation.
- Management efforts
should focus on the
proposed model.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/
descarga/articulo/7817701.
pdf
Ilmar Polary
Pereira 2021
Innovation and
technologies :
success factors in
administration of
organizations with
development and
competitiveness
- Data from
1,700 industrial
companies and
15,112 service
companies.
- Statistical analysis:
descriptive analysis,
correlation,
regression testing.
- Brazil
- Kazakhstan, Iran,
Saudi Arabia,
Latin America,
Europe, Russia,
Bulgaria, Croatia,
Georgia, Hungary
- Innovation and
management
technologies
contribute to
organizational
development.
- Competent
dimensions of
technological
capability foster
success and
sustainability.
10.5585/IJI.V9I1.18400
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
218-243
Manuel Antonio
Pérez Vásquez,
Mabel Escorcia
Muñoz, Erica
Tatiana Garavito
Campillo
2021
Analysis of
Born Global in
Colombia: Small
and medium-sized
enterprises in the
Department of
Córdoba
- Descriptive-
analytical research
methodology used.
- Supported by
empirical studies
and database
sources.
- Colombia
- Department of
Córdoba
- Global
entrepreneurs born
in Córdoba need
to improve their
competitiveness in
global markets.
- Entrepreneurs must
focus on innovation
and technological
networks for success.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/
descarga/articulo/8081770.
pdf
Noe Tipo-
Mamani, Eder
Gutiérrez-Quispe
2021
Development of
a commercial
information
system with
electronic
invoicing for SMEs
in the department
of Puno
- Experimental
quantitative
research.
- Compares business
activities with
and without an
information system.
- Peru
- Optimizing
commercial activities
with information
systems.
- Importance
of commercial
information systems
with electronic
invoicing.
10.33386/593DP.2021.3.583
Mauricio Alberto
Balarezo-Noboa 2022
Competitive
factors of small
businesses
as perceived
by business
administration
students at the
Central University
of Ecuador
- Exploratory
descriptive method
used for the study.
- Surveys
administered to
intermediate-
level business
administration
students.
- Ecuador is the
focus country.
- Small businesses
contribute 25% to
GDP.
- Technology
improves production
processes in small
businesses.
- Government and
university support
is essential for
competitiveness.
10.33890/innova.
v7.n3.2022.2081
Luis Enrique
Ibarra Morales,
Daniel Paredes
Zempual ,
Esthela Carrillo
Cisneros
2022
Impact of
COVID-19 on the
variables that
determine the
competitiveness
of Mexican
micro, small, and
medium-sized
enterprises
- Quantitative,
exploratory,
descriptive, and
non-experimental.
- Presentation of
309 companies in
Hermosillo, Sonora.
- Mexico
- Hermosillo,
Sonora
- COVID-19
signicantly
impacted human
resources, planning,
and marketing.
- Strategies needed
for the success and
sustainability of
MSMEs.
10.46990/relayn.2022.6.1.532
Elias Wilfredo
Quispe Arauco,
Rafael Romero-
Carazas, Ivan
Apaza Romero,
Margarita Jesus
Ruiz Rodriguez,
David Hugo
Bernedo-Moreira
2022
Factors and
Economic Growth
of Peruvian
MSMEs
- Qualitative
approach with a
phenomenological-
hermeneutic design.
- Involves
businesspeople and
government ofcials
as informants.
- Peru
- City of Iquitos
- Factors of economic
growth analyzed from
the perspective of
entrepreneurs.
- The study
contributes to the
design of public
policies for economic
development.
10.26668/ businessreview
/2022.v7i3.e0689
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systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
219-243
Jesús Rafael
Fandiño Isaza,
Silvana Dalmutt
Kruger, Antonio
Zanin , Vladimir
Jhosmell
Baquero
Márquez, Luz
Marina Dávila
Coa, Cleunice
Zanella,
Anderson Conte
2022
Characterization
of SME innovation
management due
to the effects of
the Coronavirus: a
comparative study
between Colombia
and Brazil
- Comparative study
of SMEs in Colombia
and Brazil.
- Document analysis
based on public and
private databases.
- Colombia
- Brazil
- COVID-19 caused
signicant job losses
in both regions.
- Innovation
is essential for
competitiveness
during crises.
10.22490/25392786.5660
Sara Sofía Luna
Mosqueda 2023
Organizational
management
and innovation
of SMEs in the
steel industry in
Northeast Mexico
- No experimental,
descriptive,
correlational design
was used.
- A 35-item
questionnaire was
administered to 19
executives.
- Northeast
Mexico.
- Fostering a culture
of adaptation to
change is essential.
- More research is
needed on the drivers
of innovation in
SMEs.
10.29105/vtga9.2-355
Heli Hassan
Diaz Gonzalez,
Arturo Cesar
Lopez Garcia,
Alberto Escobedo
Portillo
2023
Competitiveness
of SMEs in the
environmental
industry in
the State of
Chihuahua
- Construction of
statistical data for
sectoral analysis.
- Analysis of
regulations and
perspectives of
regional actors.
- Mexico
- State of
Chihuahua
- Growing need for
environmental goods
and services.
- Competitiveness
and growth of SMEs
in Chihuahua.
10.37467/revhuman.v12.4731
Ricardo N.
Villamonte Blas,
Carlos Alberto
Sotomayor
Flores
2023
Incidence of the
determinants of
competitiveness in
Latin America
- Competitiveness
determinants were
evaluated in 20
Latin American
countries.
- Dynamic panel
data model used
with the generalized
method of moments.
- 20 Latin
American
countries studied.
- Focus on
competitiveness
from 2006 to 2017.
- The model is
econometrically
signicant for
competitiveness
factors.
- Key factors:
infrastructure
quality, labor market
efciency, and
corruption control.
10.47189/rcct.v23i37.520
Mario Patricio
Padilla Martínez 2023
Business
management
for good
administration
of commercial
SMEs in the city of
Ambato
- Descriptive
methodology
focused on eld
research.
- Population and
sample based on the
INEC directory.
- Ecuador
- City: Ambato
- SMEs need a
knowledge system for
process management.
- Strategic
information must be
timely and accurate
for entrepreneurs.
10.33262/ap.v5i1.307
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systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
220-243
Marcia Fabiola
Jaramillo
Paredes,
Fernando Torres
Granadillo, Oscar
Mauricio Romero
Hidalgo, Martha
Cecilia Aguirre
Benalcázar
2023
Political
reection on
competitiveness
in Ecuadorian
entrepreneurship:
A look back to the
present
- A non-
experimental
exploratory design
was used for the
research.
- The sample
included 130 rural
entrepreneurs from
El Oro.
- Ecuador
- Focus on rural
entrepreneurship
and
competitiveness
- Strengthening
competitiveness
requires innovation
and investment in
human resources.
- Economic
instability affects
competitiveness,
leading to repetitive
proposals and
instability.
10.46398/cuestpol.4177.31
Dante Ayaviri-
Nina, Jessica
Cáceres-
Guzmán, Gabith
Miriam Quispe
Fernández,
Alba Isabel
Maldonado
Núñez
2023
The Determinants
of Success in
Entrepreneurship
: A Study in the
Urban Area of
Ecuador
- Descriptive and
correlational
research design.
- Survey conducted
with 57 companies
in Riobamba.
- Ecuador
- Urban area of
Riobamba
- Human capital,
nancial capital, and
social capital are the
main determinants
of entrepreneurial
success in the urban
area of Riobamba,
Ecuador.
- Experience,
academic education,
age, and family
investment are
signicant factors
in determining
entrepreneurial
success.
10.3390/su15065277
Luis Enrique
Valdez-Juárez,
Elva Alicia
Ramos-Escobar,
Edith Patricia
Borboa Álvarez
2023
Reconguration
of Technological
and Innovation
Capabilities
in Mexican
SMEs : Effective
Strategies for
Corporate
Performance
in Emerging
Economies
- Quantitative,
conclusive, and
explanatory
research design.
- Sample of 4,121
SME managers
surveyed via online
questionnaire.
- Mexico
- Latin America
- Digitalization has
signicant, positive
effects on innovation
management
and corporate
performance.
- Barriers to
digitalization hinder
digital development
and transformation,
reducing innovation
and corporate
performance.
10.3390/admsci13010015
Luis Enrique
Valdez Juárez 2023
Eco-innovation
and open
innovation,
a factor in
enhancing the
reputation of
SMEs in Sonora.
- Quantitative
predictive study
using a stratied
sampling method.
- Sample size of 101
small and medium-
sized enterprises.
- Mexico
- Located in the
Northwest region
- Eco-innovation
and open innovation
improve the
reputation of SMEs.
- Sustainable
practices improve
competitiveness and
market presence.
10.46588/invurnus.v18i1.92
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systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
221-243
Robert Aníbal
Luciano Alipio,
Hugo Daniel
García Juárez
2023
Business
management in
the development
of MSMEs in
mining areas of
Peru
- Non-experimental
design with a
quantitative
approach.
- Data collected at a
single point in time.
- Peru
- Mining areas in
the south
- Business
management
strongly inuences
the development of
MSMEs.
- Planning is key to
business growth and
sustainability.
10.52080/rvgluz.28.103.16
Uriel Zerón
Bascopé 2023
E-Marketplace
business model:
a marketing
channel option for
Costa Rican agro-
exporting SMEs
- Applied
descriptive-
exploratory
quantitative study
design.
- Data collected
through voluntary
surveys.
- Costa Rica is the
focus of the study.
- The research is
aimed at small
and medium-
sized agro-export
companies.
- 91% of the
companies
surveyed do not use
e-marketplaces as a
marketing channel.
- Reasons for not
using e-marketplaces
include lack
of awareness,
dependence on
traditional channels,
and resistance to
membership fees.
10.47633/yulk.v7i2.601
Table 2 presents the determinants of competitiveness in small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), highlighting the internal and external
dimensions and revealing the prevailing trends and idiosyncrasies
according to the Latin American context. Among the internal factors,
strategic foresight and human capital management emerge as recurring
components that improve operational effectiveness and adaptability. For
example, research such as that conducted by Baldeos et al. (2021) and
Álvarez-Pico and Zaldumbide- Peralvo (2020) underline the importance
of administrative, nancial and strategic foresight, as well as human
capital optimization to increase productivity and competitiveness.
Regarding innovation and technology, they are considered catalysts
for expansion and differentiation in competitive markets. Pereira (2021)
and Valdez-Juárez et al. (2023) emphasize the incorporation of digital
technologies and innovation paradigms as essential instruments to
foster organizational progress and overcome structural impediments.
Green innovation and sustainability, examined by Ruiz Zamora et al.
(2023), reinforce the importance of environmental practices to improve
reputation and consolidate competitive advantages.
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Furthermore, external factors such as infrastructure quality,
government policies, and economic conditions directly inuence
competitiveness. Villamonte Blas and Sotomayor Flores (2023) highlight
the implications of labor market efciency and corruption mitigation in
Latin America, while Díaz González et al. (2023) underline the growing
demand for environmental products and services in specic sectors.
Ultimately , the competent utilization of social media and the assimilation
of digital strategies, as explored by Arévalo-Torres et al. (2021), demonstrate
their ability to expand the reach of SMEs and optimize their positioning in
dynamic markets.
Therefore, a holistic perspective on the determinants of
competitiveness in SMEs, combining strategic, technological, and
environmental elements, with a focus on sustainability, innovation, and
adaptability, emphasizes the need to address these factors in an integrated
manner to ensure their competitiveness in diverse contexts.
Table 2. Summary of the determining factors of competitiveness in SMEs
Authors (year) Qualication Factors
Alvarez-Pico and
Zaldumbide-Peralvo
(2020)
Factors determining
competitive success in
SMEs, a case study in
the construction sector
- Internal factors that inuence
competitiveness include nancial
capabilities, strategic planning, innovation,
and human resource management.
- External factors are classied as static and
dynamic resources available in cities, which
complement competitive advantage.
- The relationship between internal
and external factors is signicant for
the competitive success of SMEs in the
construction sector.
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Factores determinantes de la competitividad en las Pymes de
América Latina. Revisión sistemática 223 - 243
Blanco-Ariza et
al. (2020)
Estructura organizacional como
determinante competitivo en peque-
ñas y medianas empresas del sector
alimentos
• La estructura organizativa es un factor determinante
clave que inuye en la competitividad de las pequeñas y
medianas empresas (Pymes).
• Factores internos como la cultura organizacional, la in-
novación, la organización del trabajo y la productividad
juegan un papel importante en la mejora de la competi-
tividad.
• La planicación y organización de las tareas dentro de la
empresa son fundamentales para lograr los resultados
deseados.
• La capacidad de adaptarse a los cambios ambientales
y establecer estrategias distintivas es esencial para el
posicionamiento en el mercado. -
• La alineación de los factores internos con la estrate-
gia general de la organización contribuye a su ventaja
competitiva.
Baierle et al.
(2020)
Inuence of Open Innovation Va-
riables on the Competitive Edge of
Small and Medium Enterprises
• El estudio identica varias variables de innovación que
inuyen en la competitividad de las pequeñas y media-
nas empresas (PYMES).
• Las tendencias tecnológicas tienen un impacto positivo
en la productividad del taller.
• La exibilidad afecta aspectos internos de las empresas.
• La satisfacción del cliente, las ideas innovadoras y los
suministros personalizados contribuyen a la orienta-
ción al mercado.
• La investigación indica que las iniciativas de innovación
mal denidas pueden tener un impacto negativo en la
competitividad.
Blanco-Ariza et al.
(2020)s
Organizational
structure as
a competitive
determinant in small
and medium-sized
companies in the food
sector
- Organizational structure is a key
determining factor inuencing the
competitiveness of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs).
- Internal factors such as organizational
culture, innovation, work organization,
and productivity play an important role in
improving competitiveness. - The planning
and organization of tasks within the
company are essential for achieving desired
results.
- The ability to adapt to environmental
changes and establish distinctive strategies
is essential for market positioning.
- The alignment of internal factors with the
organization’s overall strategy contributes
to its competitive advantage.
Baierle et al. (2020)
Inuence of Open
Innovation Variables
on the Competitive
Edge of Small and
Medium Enterprises
- The study identies several innovation
variables that inuence the competitiveness
of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs).
- Technological trends have a positive
impact on shop oor productivity. -
Flexibility affects internal aspects of
companies. - Customer satisfaction,
innovative ideas, and customized supplies
contribute to market orientation. - The
research indicates that poorly dened
innovation initiatives can have a negative
impact on competitiveness.
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224-243
Rodríguez Martínez
et al. (2020)
Measuring the
organizational climate
in a service-sector SME
in the central region of
Hidalgo
- The work environment within SMEs
signicantly inuences employee
motivation, commitment, and satisfaction,
which are critical to competitiveness.
- The perception of employees as internal
customers is crucial , as their attitudes
and performance reect the company’s
philosophy and service quality.
- Effective communication systems and
processes within the organization can
improve employee engagement and
reduce conict, contributing to a more
competitive stance. - The level of training
and development provided to employees
affects their skills and attitudes, which
are vital to providing quality service to
customers. - A positive organizational
climate fosters a sense of belonging among
employees, motivating them to improve
their performance and productivity.
- The ability to adapt and implement
changes in the work environment can
lead to improved service optimization and
market competitiveness.
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(Arévalo-Torres et
al., 2021)
Competitiveness: SMEs
and the social network
- The effective use of social media is a key
factor inuencing the competitiveness of
SMEs, as it allows for better interaction with
customers and the collection of valuable
information.
- The ability to adapt to digital marketing
strategies is critical, as many SMEs struggle
with the transition from traditional to
digital methods due to factors such as fear of
change and uncertainty about investments.
- Engagement with customer feedback on
social media platforms can lead to improved
services and product offerings, aligning
them with customer needs. - The popularity
and functionality of specic social media
platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram,
play an important role in how SMEs
can reach and interact with their target
audiences.
- The overall economic and productive
development of SMEs in Ecuador is
inuenced by their willingness to adopt
updated strategies and tools that enhance
their market presence.
Baldeos et al. (2021)
Strategic planning and
competitiveness of
MSMEs in the province
of Huaura, Peru
- Strategic planning for SMEs is an
important factor inuencing their
competitiveness.
- Administrative planning, including the
implementation of information systems,
plays a fundamental role in improving
operational efciency and control.
- Financial planning is essential for
managing resources effectively and
ensuring economic performance. - Human
resource planning, which includes policies
and incentives, is vital for improving
workforce efciency and productivity. -
Overall economic performance and business
management efciency are also key
determinants of competitiveness.
- The ability to adapt and implement
effective marketing strategies contributes
to the competitive advantage of
SMEs. - A company’s infrastructure
impacts its operational capabilities and
competitiveness.
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Yoza Calderón et al.
(2021)
Business Growth:
Market Development
Strategy in the MSME
Sector
- The competitiveness of small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs) is inuenced by
creativity and innovation.
- Operational resilience is a key factor that
helps companies remain in the market. -
The ability to adapt to adverse conditions,
such as excess supply and high levels of
uncertainty, also plays an important role in
their competitiveness.
Solis Muñoz et al.
(2021)
Entrepreneurship
and innovation:
Dimensions for the
study of MSMEs in
Azogues, Ecuador
- The dimensions that inuence the
competitiveness of small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs) include customer
value, digital transformation, competitive
advantage, and leadership.
- A higher score on the customer value
dimension is associated with increased
entrepreneurship and innovation in SMEs.
- Competitive advantage also plays an
important role in maintaining a positive
association with entrepreneurship and
innovation.
Pereira (2021
Innovation and
technologies :
success factors in
administration of
organizations with
development and
competitiveness
- Innovation and management
technologies are key factors inuencing the
competitiveness of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs).
- The dimensions and components of
technological capability play an important
role in enhancing organizational
development. - The competent managerial
competencies and skills of those managing
companies are critical to success and
sustainability.
- The application of integrated sustainability
management models can provide a viable
alternative for organizational development.
- Economic and social indicators, along with
policies and strategies, also contribute to the
competitiveness of SMEs.
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Factores determinantes de la competitividad en las Pymes de
América Latina. Revisión sistemática 227 - 243
Tipo-Mamani y
Gutierrez-Quis-
pe (2021)
Desarrollo de un sistema de infor-
mación comercial con facturación
electrónica para las PYMES del
departamento de Puno
• En la investigación se destaca la importancia de los
sistemas de gestión de la información para potenciar la
competitividad de las pequeñas y medianas empresas
(PYMES).
• La optimización de las actividades comerciales median-
te el uso de sistemas de facturación electrónica es un
factor clave.
• La capacidad de automatizar procesos simplica las
obligaciones scales, lo que contribuye a mejores ga-
nancias.
• Los procesos de compra y ventas mejorados mediante
una administración eciente de datos son determinan-
tes importantes.
• La capacidad del sistema para generar diversos infor-
mes (por ejemplo, informes de existencias, informes de
progreso de ventas, informes de rentabilidad) ayuda a
tomar decisiones informadas.
• La usabilidad, la seguridad, el tiempo de respuesta y la
escalabilidad del sistema de información también son
factores críticos que inuyen en la competitividad.
Balarezo-Noboa
(2022)
Factores competitivos de la pequeña
empresa percibidos por estudiantes
de administración de la Universidad
Central del Ecuador
• Entre los factores que inuyen en la competitividad de
las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) se encuen-
tran el talento humano, la tecnología, la calidad del
producto y la gestión administrativa.
• Se percibe que la tecnología mejora signicativamente
los procesos de producción, con 55% de los estudiantes
reconociendo su contribución.
• La importancia de la toma de decisiones basada en he-
rramientas administrativas es reconocida por el 81% de
los encuestados.
• Se considera esencial el apoyo del gobierno, los grupos
industriales y las universidades, particularmente en
áreas como nanciamiento, equipamiento tecnológico,
acceso a mercados e investigación especializada.
Ibarra Morales et
al. (2022)
Impacto del COVID-19 en las varia-
bles que determinan la competitivi-
dad de las micro, pequeñas y media-
nas empresas mexicanas
• Los factores que inuyen en la competitividad de las pe-
queñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) incluyen recur-
sos humanos, planeación estratégica y comercialización.
• Estas variables fueron identicadas como las más sen-
sibles a los efectos del COVID-19 y están directamente
asociadas a la competitividad de las Pymes en Hermosi-
llo, Sonora.
Pérez et al. (2021)
Analysis of Born
Global in Colombia:
Small and medium-
sized enterprises in
the Department of
Córdoba
- Entrepreneurial characteristics play
a fundamental role in inuencing the
competitiveness of SMEs.
- Entrepreneurial cognition is a determining
factor that affects how entrepreneurs
perceive and respond to market
opportunities.
- Knowledge factors, including the
experience and information available
to entrepreneurs, signicantly impact
competitiveness.
- Technology and innovation are essential
for SMEs to improve their market position
and competitiveness.
- Entrepreneurial capabilities, which
encompass a rm’s skills and resources, are
vital for achieving greater competitiveness.
- Technological networks can provide SMEs
with the support and connections necessary
to improve their competitiveness in the
global marketplace.
Type-Mamani and
Gutierrez-Quispe
(2021)
Development of
a commercial
information system
with electronic
invoicing for SMEs
in the department of
Puno
- The research highlights the importance
of information management systems in
enhancing the competitiveness of small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
- Optimizing business activities through the
use of e-invoicing systems is a key factor.
- The ability to automate processes
simplies tax obligations, which contributes
to improved prots.
- Improved purchasing and sales processes
through efcient data management are
important determinants. - The system’s
ability to generate various reports (e.g., stock
reports, sales progress reports, protability
reports) aids informed decision-making.
- The usability, security, response time,
and scalability of the information system
are also critical factors inuencing
competitiveness.
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Balarezo-Noboa
(2022)
Competitive factors
of small businesses as
perceived by business
administration
students at the Central
University of Ecuador
- Among the factors that inuence the
competitiveness of small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs) are human
talent, technology, product quality, and
administrative management.
- Technology is perceived as signicantly
improving production processes, with 55%
of students recognizing its contribution. -
The importance of decision-making based
on administrative tools is recognized by 81%
of respondents.
- Support from government, industrial
groups, and universities is considered
essential, particularly in areas such as
nancing, technological equipment, market
access, and specialized research.
Ibarra Morales et al.
(2022)
Impact of COVID-19
on the variables
that determine the
competitiveness of
Mexican micro, small,
and medium-sized
enterprises
- Factors that inuence the competitiveness
of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) include human resources, strategic
planning, and marketing.
- These variables were identied as the most
sensitive to the effects of COVID-19 and are
directly associated with the competitiveness
of SMEs in Hermosillo, Sonora.
Arauco et al. (2022)
Factors and Economic
Growth of Peruvian
MSMEs
- The study describes factors that drove
the economic growth of micro and small
enterprises (SMEs) in Iquitos.
- It highlights the importance of
understanding the intrinsic reality of
Peruvian SMEs, which quantitative studies
may not capture.
- The research highlights entrepreneurs’
perspectives as fundamental to analyzing
the social phenomenon of economic growth.
- It suggests that the ndings could
inform the design of public policies
aimed at boosting the sector’s economic
development.
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Fandiño Isaza et al.
(2022)
Characterization
of SME innovation
management due
to the effects of
the Coronavirus: a
comparative study
between Colombia and
Brazil
- Firm size is a determining factor
inuencing competitiveness.
- Uncertainty in task performance affects
how SMEs adapt and improve their
processes. - The level of technology used
by SMEs plays a fundamental role in their
competitiveness.
- Organizational structure, including role
denition and task coordination, impacts
SMEs’ effectiveness. - The ability to adapt
to changes in the environment is essential
for maintaining competitiveness. - The use
of innovation, including product, process,
marketing, and organizational innovations,
is vital for differentiating SMEs in a
competitive market. - Economic conditions
and market dynamics also inuence SMEs’
competitiveness.
Luna Mosqueda et
al. (2023)
Organizational
management and
innovation of SMEs in
the steel industry in
Northeast Mexico
- The four determining factors that
inuence the competitiveness of small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the
steel industry are:
- **Innovative Thinking**: This factor
stands out as the most signicant in
driving innovation within SMEs. - **Market
Knowledge**: Understanding the market in
which SMEs operate is fundamental to their
competitiveness.
- **Use of Technology**: The adoption and
integration of technology play a vital role
in improving the operational efciency
and innovative capacity of SMEs. - **Access
to Finance**: The availability of nancial
resources is essential for SMEs to invest in
innovation and growth initiatives.
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Díaz González et al.
(2023)
Competitiveness
of SMEs in the
environmental
industry in the State of
Chihuahua
- The competitiveness of small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the
environmental sector is inuenced by the
growing need for goods and services that
address environmental issues.
- The analysis of regulations and policies
specically designed for SMEs plays a
fundamental role in determining their
competitiveness.
- The perspectives and participation of the
region’s diverse stakeholders contribute
to the overall competitive landscape for
SMEs. - Statistical data related to the
sector provide information on the growth
and performance of SMEs in Chihuahua,
which is essential for understanding their
competitiveness.
Incidence of the
determinants of
competitiveness in
Latin America
- Among the determining factors that
inuence the competitiveness of small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
are infrastructure quality, labor market
efciency, control of corruption, the
development of nancial systems, and
ination.
- These factors are essential for improving
the overall competitiveness of countries,
which in turn affects the SMEs operating
within those economies.
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Miño Ayala et al.
(2023)
Business
management for good
administration of
commercial SMEs in
the city of Ambato
- Factors that inuence the competitiveness
of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) include marketing, market research,
advertising and promotion, operations,
public relations, corporate image, and
nancing.
- Access to Information and
Communications Technology (ICT) is also
an important factor, enabling SMEs to
improve their operations and reach. - The
level of qualied human talent, including
compliance with salary obligations, access
to security, and growth opportunities,
plays a fundamental role in improving
competitiveness.
- A well-dened organizational structure
and strategic decision-making processes
contribute to effective management and
competitiveness. - The implementation
of strategic plans and the ability to adapt
to market conditions are essential for the
growth and sustainability of SMEs.
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Jaramillo Paredes et
al. (2023)
Political reection
on competitiveness
in Ecuadorian
entrepreneurship: A
retrospective look to
the present
- The competitiveness of small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs) is inuenced by the
demand for innovation.
- A stable legal framework and policy
environment are essential for sustained
economic growth.
- The ability to create new products at lower
costs and in shorter timeframes improves
competitiveness. - The participation of the
entire workforce, including external actors
such as customers, plays an important role
in competitiveness. - The implementation
of appropriate technology can reduce
production costs while maintaining product
quality. - The quality of service provided
by SMEs is a key factor that adds value and
differentiates them from the competition.
- The establishment of networks or
alliances can strengthen the knowledge
base and support the development of new
businesses. - Entrepreneurial experience
and entrepreneurial training are essential to
overcome challenges and foster innovation.
- Economic conditions, such as the impact
of crises like the pandemic, can create
instability in competitiveness, leading to
repetitive and less innovative business
proposals.
Ayaviri-Nina et al.
(2023)
The Determinants
of Success in
Entrepreneurship :
A Study in the Urban
Area of Ecuador
- The main determinants of success in small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
include human capital, nancial capital, and
social capital.
- Human capital is inuenced by experience,
academic education, and age; a higher level
of human capital increases the likelihood of
success.
- Financial capital has a signicant impact
on entrepreneurial activity and is critical to
the sustainability of SMEs.
- Social capital, which includes family
support and networking, is directly related
to the success of ventures. - Other factors
that can inuence competitiveness include
the owner’s education, motivation, and
entrepreneurial ability.
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Valdez-Juárez et al.
(2023)
Reconguration of
Technological and
Innovation Capabilities
in Mexican SMEs :
Effective Strategies for
Corporate Performance
in Emerging Economies
- Financial resources are an important factor
inuencing the competitiveness of SMEs,
as limited funds can restrict investment in
digital technologies and innovation.
- Technological barriers, including a lack
of knowledge in the use of technological
services and information complexity,
impede the adoption of digitalization and
innovation. - Organizational barriers, such
as the inability to coordinate team skills and
manage changes in innovation management,
affect the transition to digitalization. - Legal
barriers, including privacy issues and
regulatory challenges, represent obstacles to
the innovative development of SMEs. - The
willingness to invest in digital technologies
and the availability of qualied personnel
are critical to improving competitiveness.
- A company’s overall digitalization strategy
is essential; neglecting it can lead to a loss of
market competitiveness.
Ruiz Zamora et al.
(2023)
Eco-innovation and
open innovation, a
factor in enhancing the
reputation of SMEs in
Sonora.
- Eco-innovation and open innovation are
key factors inuencing the competitiveness
of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs).
- The implementation of processes focused
on environmental protection, combined
with technology and knowledge, enhances
the reputation of SMEs. - The ability to
adopt sustainable practices and eco-
innovation contributes to a competitive
advantage in the marketplace. - The use of
internal and external knowledge supports
the development of new technologies
and improves operational efciency. -
An organization’s reputation plays an
important role in attracting customers
and maintaining its market presence. -
Continuous adaptation and improvement
through innovation are essential for
sustained competitiveness in a changing
business environment.
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Luciano Alipio et al.
(2023)
Business management
in the development of
MSMEs in mining areas
of Peru
- The planning process is a determining
factor inuencing the competitiveness of
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
- The organization of resources and
activities is essential for improving
competitiveness.
- Management, which involves leadership
and motivation, plays an important role
in the competitiveness of SMEs. - Control
mechanisms are essential for identifying
weaknesses and ensuring that planned
objectives are met, thus inuencing
competitiveness.
- External factors, such as the economic
growth of mining activities and the increase
in market size due to higher revenues, also
impact the competitiveness of SMEs.
Zerón Bascopé
(2023)
E-Marketplace
business model: a
marketing channel
option for Costa Rican
agro-exporting SMEs
- The competitiveness of small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs) is inuenced by
various external factors, including low
production levels, limited knowledge
of export processes, and insufcient
information on international markets.
- A lack of working capital and technology
also hampers their ability to compete
effectively. - Internal factors such as
inadequate quality control and the
absence of supportive policies from
relevant institutions further reduce their
competitiveness.
- The choice of business model is critical,
as it must align with the company’s specic
characteristics, including revenue, product
offerings, sales methods, and target
customer segments.
- The ability to innovate, optimize processes,
and diversify offerings plays an important
role in improving competitiveness. -
Developing business linkages or chains
with other companies can also contribute to
improving competitiveness, although many
SMEs have not yet achieved this.
4. Discussion
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Regarding the main congruences and divergences in the academic
literature on the determinants of competitiveness in small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs) in Latin America, it is recognized that nancial
resources constitute a fundamental element identied by Álvarez-Pico
and Zaldumbide- Peralvo (2020), Baldeos et al. (2021) and Valdez-Juárez
et al. (2023), who emphasize that the competent management of nancial
assets is essential to achieve a competitive advantage. Strategic planning,
addressed by the same authors together with Miño Ayala et al. (2023),
accentuates the importance of designing and executing strategies for
operational supervision and organizational advancement.
Innovation emerges as a considerable axis in the research of Baierle
et al. (2020), Yoza Calderón et al. (2021) and Valdez-Juárez et al. (2023), who
agree that innovative efforts, both in products and processes, are crucial
to improve organizational performance. Regarding human resource
management, Alvarez -Pico and Zaldumbide- Peralvo (2020), Baldeos et
al. (2021) and Ibarra Morales et al. (2022), who argue that the cultivation
of human talent and employee motivation have a profound impact on
competitiveness.
The organizational framework, highlighted by Blanco-Ariza et al.
(2020), Fandiño Isaza et al. (2022), and Miño Ayala et al. (2023), illustrates
how a strong internal organization increases coordination and operational
effectiveness. In contrast, the use of technology, deliberated by Baierle et
al. (2020), Valdez-Juárez et al. (2023), and Luna Mosqueda et al. (2023),
reinforces the importance of technological tools to improve productivity
and foster innovation.
Green innovation and sustainability, examined by Ruiz Zamora et al.
(2023) and Valdez-Juárez et al. (2023), shed light on the benecial impact
of environmentally sustainable practices on corporate reputation. From
a more introspective perspective, Rodríguez Martínez et al. (2020) and
Balarezo-Noboa (2022) recognize organizational atmosphere as a factor
that improves employee motivation and productivity.
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The application of social media and digital methodologies, analyzed
by Arévalo-Torres et al. (2021) and Zerón Bascopé (2023), demonstrates
how these instruments amplify customer engagement and increase the
visibility of SMEs. Human capital, discussed by Ayaviri-Nina et al. (2023)
and Balarezo-Noboa (2022), highlights the importance of employee
experience, education, and skills for organizational success. Furthermore,
social capital, unique to Ayaviri-Nina et al. (2023), emphasizes the role of
networks and family support in SME performance.
Access to nancial resources, discussed by Luna Mosqueda et al.
(2023) and Miño Ayala et al. (2023), emphasizes the need for economic
means to implement innovative and expansionary strategies. Ultimately,
public policies and infrastructure considerations, identied by Villamonte
Blas and Sotomayor Flores (2023) and Díaz González et al. (2023),
underline the inuence of macroeconomic variables on competitiveness,
such as infrastructure quality and labor market efciency.
5. Conclusion
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The synthesis of the determinants of competitiveness in small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Latin America demonstrates a
multifaceted interconnection between internal and external dimensions,
with strategic planning, innovation, the application of technology, and
human resource management emerging as essential foundations. The
impact of variables such as nancial resources, access to capital, and the
organizational framework underscores the importance of strengthening
companies’ operational and strategic infrastructure to ensure their
viability and expansion. At the same time, external factors, such as
government policies, infrastructure, and social networks, clarify the need
for an enabling environment that fosters competitiveness.
Furthermore, the importance of green innovation and sustainability
accentuates the transition toward responsible practices that not
only enhance corporate reputation but also contribute to equitable
development. The fusion of human and social capital, along with the
use of digital strategies, amplies SMEs’ ability to adapt to dynamic and
intensely competitive markets.
6. Contribution of the authors
JRMG : Article idea, initial drafting, data collection, analysis of
results, discussion, nal revision of the article.
FMOS : Data collection, analysis of results, discussion, nal review
of the article.
MPPP : Data collection, analysis of results, discussion, nal review
of the article.
HAVB : Data collection, analysis of results, discussion, nal revision
of the article.
7. References
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Revista multidisciplinaria
investigación Contemporánea ISSN-e: 2960-8015Vol. 3 -No. 207 - 2025
Determinants of competitiveness in Latin American SMEs. A
systematic review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58995/redlic.rmic.v3.n2.a111
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Revista multidisciplinaria
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